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| author | Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com> | 2015-07-19 07:36:08 +0200 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com> | 2015-07-19 07:36:08 +0200 |
| commit | 79c669ce71afcd70b49344823b5ccc8a61023f98 (patch) | |
| tree | 804468b4ce1810ba0502a5b53a60c8815711b12f /documentation3.pdf | |
| parent | da7b6d12e18d4d123db61a74c933d5106db59465 (diff) | |
| download | python-decorator-git-79c669ce71afcd70b49344823b5ccc8a61023f98.tar.gz | |
Unified the documentation for Python 2 and 3
Diffstat (limited to 'documentation3.pdf')
| -rw-r--r-- | documentation3.pdf | 6721 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 6721 deletions
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm .643876 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It may be annoying to write a caller function \(like the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (_trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (function above\) and then a trivial wrapper) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.510888 Tw (\() Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (def) Tj ( ) Tj (trace\(f\):) Tj ( ) Tj (return) Tj ( ) Tj (decorator\(_trace,) Tj ( ) Tj (f\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\) every time. For this reason, the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj T* 0 Tw .334269 Tw /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module provides an easy shortcut to convert the caller function into a signature-preserving decorator: you) Tj T* 0 Tw 7.364269 Tw (can just call ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (with a single argument. In our example you can just write) Tj T* 0 Tw .951647 Tw /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (trace) Tj ( ) Tj (=) Tj ( ) Tj (decorator\(_trace\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (function can also be used as a signature-changing) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.077752 Tw (decorator, just as ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (classmethod ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (staticmethod) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. However, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (classmethod ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (staticmethod) Tj T* 0 Tw .531797 Tw /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (return generic objects which are not callable, while ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (returns signature-preserving decorators,) Tj T* 0 Tw (i.e. functions of a single argument. For instance, you can write directly) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@decorator) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kwstr) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (', ') Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (join) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%r) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (: ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%r) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (k) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (k) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (for) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (k) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (sorted) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ( with args ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (, {) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (}") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kwstr) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.806654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and now ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will be a decorator. Actually ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (partial ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (object which can be used as a) Tj T* 0 Tw (decorator:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (<) Tj 0 0 0 rg (function) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (at) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj (>) Tj T* ET
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-0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of usage:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* 0 0 0 rg (calling) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (with) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\),) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg ({}) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.44686 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you are using an old Python version \(Python 2.4\) the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module provides a poor man) Tj T* 0 Tw (replacement for ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.partial) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (blocking) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.224692 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sometimes one has to deal with blocking resources, such as ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (stdin) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, and sometimes it is best to have) Tj T* 0 Tw .266235 Tw (back a "busy" message than to block everything. This behavior can be implemented with a suitable family) Tj T* 0 Tw (of decorators, where the parameter is the busy message:) Tj T* ET
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Examples:) Tj T* T* ( async_with_threads = Async\(threading.Thread\)) Tj T* ( async_with_processes = Async\(multiprocessing.Process\)) Tj T* ( """) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__init__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threadfactory) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threadfactory) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threadfactory) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__call__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (try) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (except) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (AttributeError) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# instantiate the counter at the first call) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (itertools) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) 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Tj 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (next) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (func_wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (try) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (except) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (sys) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (exc_info) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (finally) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threadfactory) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func_wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (name) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) 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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 4.63311 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that while I do not have plans to change or remove the functionality provided in the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.00936 Tw /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (class, I do not guarantee that it will stay unchanged forever. For instance, right now I) Tj T* 0 Tw .791318 Tw (am using the traditional string interpolation syntax for function templates, but Python 2.6 and Python 3.0) Tj T* 0 Tw .712093 Tw (provide a newer interpolation syntax and I may use the new syntax in the future. On the other hand, the) Tj T* 0 Tw .639985 Tw (functionality provided by ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (has been there from version 0.1 and it is guaranteed to stay there) Tj T* 0 Tw (forever.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 5.045529 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (uses ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to generate the decorated function. Therefore) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.542126 Tw /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will not work for decorated functions. That means that the usual '??' trick in) Tj T* 0 Tw 26.45775 Tw (IPython will give you the \(right on the spot\) message) Tj T* 0 Tw .261647 Tw /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Dynamically) Tj ( ) Tj (generated) Tj ( ) Tj (function.) Tj ( ) Tj (No) Tj ( ) Tj (source) Tj ( ) Tj (code available) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. In the past I have considered) Tj T* 0 Tw .945366 Tw (this acceptable, since ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (does not really work even with regular decorators. In that) Tj T* 0 Tw (case ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (gives you the wrapper source code which is probably not what you want:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.471235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(see bug report ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (1764286 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for an explanation of what is happening\). Unfortunately the bug is still there,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.541235 Tw (even in Python 2.7 and 3.1. There is however a workaround. The decorator module adds an attribute) Tj T* 0 Tw .103984 Tw /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.__wrapped__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to the decorated function, containing a reference to the original function. The easy way to) Tj T* 0 Tw (get the source code is to call ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (on the undecorated function:) Tj T* ET
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