6 files changed, 973 insertions, 1011 deletions
diff --git a/CHANGES.txt b/CHANGES.txt
index 9b18a60..19be0ad 100644
--- a/CHANGES.txt
+++ b/CHANGES.txt
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ HISTORY
 --------
 
 4.0.0 Removed the need for 2to3 by dropping the support for Python 2.5; now
-     the decorator module can be distributed as a wheel
-     (2015/07/19)
+     the decorator module can be distributed as a wheel. Introduced
+     `decorator.decorated`. (2015/07/19)
 3.4.1 Ported the repository from GoogleCode to GitHub and added Travis CI
      support. Tests are executed with the new command `python test.py -v`.
      setuptools is now mandatory in Python 3. The suggested
diff --git a/documentation.pdf b/documentation.pdf
index 4d24890..f518aac 100644
--- a/documentation.pdf
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 170 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize_uw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg ({}) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# frozenset is used to ensure hashability) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (frozenset) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (iteritems) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (functools) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (update_wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 134 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize_uw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg ({}) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# frozenset is used to ensure hashability) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (frozenset) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (items) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (not) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (functools) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (update_wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.801412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here we used the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (functools.update_wrapper ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (utility, which has been added in Python 2.5 expressly to ) Tj T* 0 Tw .91686 Tw (simplify the definition of decorators \(in older versions of Python you need to copy the function attributes) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.801412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here we used the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (functools.update_wrapper ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (utility, which has been added in Python 2.5 expressly to) Tj T* 0 Tw .91686 Tw (simplify the definition of decorators \(in older versions of Python you need to copy the function attributes) Tj T* 0 Tw .580814 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__doc__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__module__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__dict__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (from the original function to the decorated function) Tj T* 0 Tw (by hand\).) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .580814 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__doc__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__module__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__dict__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (from the original function to the decorated function) Tj T* 0 Tw (by hand\).) Tj T* ET
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.517126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The implementation above works in the sense that the decorator can accept functions with generic) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.233615 Tw (signatures; unfortunately this implementation does ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (define a signature-preserving decorator, since in) Tj T* 0 Tw (general ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (memoize_uw ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (returns a function with a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (different signature ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (from the original function.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 657.0236 cm
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 0 0 0 rg
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Consider for instance the following case:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -1223,13 +1217,13 @@ Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 555.8236 cm
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .26311 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the original function takes a single argument named ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, but the decorated function takes any number) Tj T* 0 Tw (of arguments and keyword arguments:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 498.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 522.6236 cm
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@@ -1315,13 +1309,13 @@ Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 454.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 478.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .411235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This means that introspection tools such as pydoc will give wrong informations about the signature of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* 0 Tw .161654 Tw (This is pretty bad: pydoc will tell you that the function accepts a generic signature ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (*args) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (**kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, but when) Tj T* 0 Tw (you try to call the function with more than an argument, you will get an error:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .411235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This means that introspection tools such as ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (pydoc ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will give wrong informations about the signature of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* 0 Tw .161654 Tw (This is pretty bad: ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (pydoc ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will tell you that the function accepts a generic signature ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (*args) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (**kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, but when) Tj T* 0 Tw (you try to call the function with more than an argument, you will get an error:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -1401,19 +1395,19 @@ Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 352.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 376.4236 cm
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 310.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 334.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 3.313984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution is to provide a generic factory of generators, which hides the complexity of making) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.362976 Tw (signature-preserving decorators from the application programmer. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (function in the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module is such a factory:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 3.313984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution is to provide a generic factory of generators, which hides the complexity of making) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.962976 Tw (signature-preserving decorators from the application programmer. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorate ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (function in the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module is such a factory:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -1439,21 +1433,21 @@ n 54 0 54 12 re f*
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-n 156 0 54 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (decorator) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj T* ET
+n 156 0 48 12 re f*
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (decorator) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorate) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 221.2236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.716412 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (takes two arguments, a caller function describing the functionality of the decorator and a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.594983 Tw (function to be decorated; it returns the decorated function. The caller function must have signature) Tj T* 0 Tw .19311 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(f,) Tj ( ) Tj (*args,) Tj ( ) Tj (**kw\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and it must call the original function ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (with arguments ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (args ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, implementing) Tj T* 0 Tw (the wanted capability, i.e. memoization in this case:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 2.144983 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorate ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (takes two arguments, a caller function describing the functionality of the decorator and a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.594983 Tw (function to be decorated; it returns the decorated function. The caller function must have signature) Tj T* 0 Tw .19311 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(f,) Tj ( ) Tj (*args,) Tj ( ) Tj (**kw\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and it must call the original function ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (with arguments ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (args ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, implementing) Tj T* 0 Tw (the wanted capability, i.e. memoization in this case:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 92.02362 cm
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@@ -1513,9 +1507,9 @@ n 180 72 12 12 re f*
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-n 198 72 54 12 re f*
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-n 252 72 18 12 re f*
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@@ -1537,58 +1531,19 @@ n 96 36 6 12 re f*
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-n 144 36 174 12 re f*
+n 144 36 168 12 re f*
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-n 66 24 12 12 re f*
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-n 84 24 30 12 re f*
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-n 114 24 6 12 re f*
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-n 48 12 36 12 re f*
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-n 90 12 30 12 re f*
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 120 12 6 12 re f*
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-n 144 12 6 12 re f*
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 24 0 24 12 re f*
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-n 48 0 6 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 98 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (_memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# frozenset is used to ensure hashability) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (frozenset) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (iteritems) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# attributed added by memoize) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([) Tj 0 0 0 rg (key) Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can check that the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__annotations__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (dictionary is preserved:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.806654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and now ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will be a decorator. Actually ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (partial ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (object which can be used as a) Tj T* 0 Tw (decorator:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and now ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will be a decorator.) Tj T* ET
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-q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.44686 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you are using an old Python version \(Python 2.4\) the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module provides a poor man) Tj T* 0 Tw (replacement for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.partial) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
-Q
-Q
-q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 239.4236 cm
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.224692 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sometimes one has to deal with blocking resources, such as ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (stdin) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, and sometimes it is best to have) Tj T* 0 Tw .266235 Tw (back a "busy" message than to block everything. This behavior can be implemented with a suitable family) Tj T* 0 Tw (of decorators, where the parameter is the busy message:) Tj T* ET
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+n -6 -6 468.6898 156 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 122 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (blocking) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (not_avail) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (blocking) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (not) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (hasattr) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("thread") Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# no thread running) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (set_result) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (                ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threading) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (set_result) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (start) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (not_avail) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (elif) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (isAlive) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (not_avail) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the thread is ended, return the stored result) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* ET
+n 108 0 36 12 re f*
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 134 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (blocking) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (not_avail) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (_blocking) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (not) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (hasattr) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("thread") Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# no thread running) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (set_result) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (                ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threading) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (set_result) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (start) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (not_avail) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (elif) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (isAlive) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (not_avail) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the thread is ended, return the stored result) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (del) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* ET
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@@ -3275,12 +3266,12 @@ Q
  
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm  BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 727.8236 cm
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 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
 .5 w
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
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-n 72 24 18 12 re f*
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 96 24 6 12 re f*
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 102 24 6 12 re f*
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 108 24 36 12 re f*
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 72 12 36 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
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@@ -3316,23 +3299,23 @@ n 66 0 54 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
 n 120 0 6 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 126 0 48 12 re f*
+n 126 0 54 12 re f*
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 174 0 6 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (del) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (blocking) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+n 180 0 6 12 re f*
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (_blocking) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 695.8236 cm
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.010651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Functions decorated with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (blocking ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will return a busy message if the resource is unavailable, and the) Tj T* 0 Tw (intended result if the resource is available. For instance:) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 446.6236 cm
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@@ -3536,26 +3519,26 @@ Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 413.6236 cm
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (async) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 371.6236 cm
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.647485 Tw (We have just seen an examples of a simple decorator factory, implemented as a function returning a) Tj T* 0 Tw .29784 Tw (decorator. For more complex situations, it is more convenient to implement decorator factories as classes) Tj T* 0 Tw (returning callable objects that can be converted into decorators.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.647485 Tw (We have just seen an examples of a simple decorator factory, implemented as a function returning a) Tj T* 0 Tw .25784 Tw (decorator. For more complex situations, it is more convenient to implement decorator factories as callable) Tj T* 0 Tw (objects that can be converted into decorators.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 293.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 305.6236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 2.853876 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As an example, here will I show a decorator which is able to convert a blocking function into an) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.477126 Tw (asynchronous function. The function, when called, is executed in a separate thread. Moreover, it is) Tj T* 0 Tw .288443 Tw (possible to set three callbacks ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (on_failure ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, to specify how to manage) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.854724 Tw (the function call \(of course the code here is just an example, it is not a recommended way of doing) Tj T* 0 Tw (multi-threaded programming\). The implementation is the following:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -3593,7 +3576,7 @@ Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 191.2236 cm
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@@ -3629,7 +3612,7 @@ Q
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Examples:) Tj T*  T* (    async_with_threads =  Async\(threading.Thread\)) Tj T* (    async_with_processes =  Async\(multiprocessing.Process\)) Tj T* (    """) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__init__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threadfactory) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (                 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threadfactory) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threadfactory) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) 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Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (except) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (AttributeError) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# instantiate the counter at the first call) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (itertools) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) 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Tj 0 0 0 rg (exc_info) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (                ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (finally) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (                ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threadfactory) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func_wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (name) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (start) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 386 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (    A decorator converting blocking functions into asynchronous) Tj T* (    functions, by using threads or processes. Examples:) Tj T*  T* (    async_with_threads = Async\(threading.Thread\)) Tj T* (    async_with_processes = Async\(multiprocessing.Process\)) Tj T* (    """) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__init__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threadfactory) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (                 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threadfactory) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threadfactory) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__call__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (try) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (except) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (AttributeError) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg (  ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# instantiate the counter at the first call) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (itertools) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (count) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (name) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj /F5 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (-) Tj /F5 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) 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Tj 0 0 0 rg (exc_info) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (                ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (finally) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (                ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threadfactory) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func_wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (name) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (thread) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) 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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .20561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ba ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator is basically inserting a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (with) Tj ( ) Tj (ba: ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (block inside the function. However there two issues: ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.402126 Tw (the first is that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (GeneratorContextManager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (objects are callable only in Python 3.2, so the previous ) Tj T* 0 Tw .356905 Tw (example will break in older versions of Python; the second is that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (GeneratorContextManager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (objects ) Tj T* 0 Tw .57561 Tw (do not preserve the signature of the decorated functions: the decorated ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (hello ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (function here will have a ) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.990814 Tw (generic signature ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (hello\(*args,) Tj ( ) Tj (**kwargs\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (but will break when called with more than zero) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 74 Tm .20561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ba ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator is basically inserting a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (with) Tj ( ) Tj (ba: ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (block inside the function. However there two issues: ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.402126 Tw (the first is that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (GeneratorContextManager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (objects are callable only in Python 3.2, so the previous ) Tj T* 0 Tw .356905 Tw (example will break in older versions of Python; the second is that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (GeneratorContextManager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (objects ) Tj T* 0 Tw .57561 Tw (do not preserve the signature of the decorated functions: the decorated ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (hello ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (function here will have a ) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.990814 Tw (generic signature ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (hello\(*args,) Tj ( ) Tj (**kwargs\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (but will break when called with more than zero ) Tj T* 0 Tw 7.708314 Tw (arguments. For such reasons the decorator module, starting with release 3.4, offers a ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.027251 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator.contextmanager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator that solves both problems and works in all supported Python) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.85816 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (versions. The usage is the same and factories decorated with ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator.contextmanager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will) Tj T* 0 Tw .17122 Tw (returns instances of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ContextManager) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, a subclass of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (contextlib.GeneratorContextManager ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (with) Tj T* 0 Tw (a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__call__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (method acting as a signature-preserving decorator.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (decorator_apply) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (dec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (""") Tj T* (    Decorate a function by preserving the signature even if dec) Tj T* (    is not a signature-preserving decorator.) Tj T* (    """) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (create) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('return decorated\() Tj /F5 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%\(signature\)s) Tj /F3 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (\)') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (dict) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorated) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (dec) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\),) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__wrapped__) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (func) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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diff --git a/documentation.py b/documentation.py
index f472b4e..82c3ec8 100644
--- a/documentation.py
+++ b/documentation.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ The ``decorator`` module
 :Author: Michele Simionato
 :E-mail: michele.simionato@gmail.com
 :Version: $VERSION ($DATE)
-:Requires: Python 2.6+
+:Supports: Python 2.6, 2.7, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5
 :Download page: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/decorator/$VERSION
 :Installation: ``pip install decorator``
 :License: BSD license
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ solve every problem with a decorator, just because you can.
 
 You may find the source code for all the examples
 discussed here in the ``documentation.py`` file, which contains
-this documentation in the form of doctests.
+the documentation you are reading in the form of doctests.
 
 Definitions
 ------------------------------------
@@ -124,9 +124,9 @@ keyword arguments:
  >>> print(getargspec(f1))
  ArgSpec(args=[], varargs='args', keywords='kw', defaults=None)
 
-This means that introspection tools such as pydoc will give
+This means that introspection tools such as *pydoc* will give
 wrong informations about the signature of ``f1``. This is pretty bad:
-pydoc will tell you that the function accepts a generic signature
+*pydoc* will tell you that the function accepts a generic signature
 ``*args``, ``**kw``, but when you try to call the function with more than an
 argument, you will get an error:
 
@@ -142,14 +142,14 @@ The solution
 
 The solution is to provide a generic factory of generators, which
 hides the complexity of making signature-preserving decorators
-from the application programmer. The ``decorator`` function in
+from the application programmer. The ``decorate`` function in
 the ``decorator`` module is such a factory:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
- >>> from decorator import decorator
+ >>> from decorator import decorate
 
-``decorator`` takes two arguments, a caller function describing the
+``decorate`` takes two arguments, a caller function describing the
 functionality of the decorator and a function to be decorated; it
 returns the decorated function. The caller function must have
 signature ``(f, *args, **kw)`` and it must call the original function ``f``
@@ -164,9 +164,9 @@ $$memoize
 
 The difference with respect to the ``memoize_uw`` approach, which is based
 on nested functions, is that the decorator module forces you to lift
-the inner function at the outer level (*flat is better than nested*).
+the inner function at the outer level.
 Moreover, you are forced to pass explicitly the function you want to
-decorate to the caller function.
+decorate, there are no closures.
 
 Here is a test of usage:
 
@@ -239,17 +239,21 @@ The same decorator works with functions of any signature:
 
 $FUNCTION_ANNOTATIONS
 
-``decorator`` is a decorator
+decorator.decorator
 ---------------------------------------------
 
 It may be annoying to write a caller function (like the ``_trace``
 function above) and then a trivial wrapper
-(``def trace(f): return decorator(_trace, f)``) every time. For this reason,
+(``def trace(f): return decorate(_trace, f)``) every time. For this reason,
 the ``decorator`` module provides an easy shortcut to convert
-the caller function into a signature-preserving decorator:
-you can just call ``decorator`` with a single argument.
-In our example you can just write ``trace = decorator(_trace)``.
-The ``decorator`` function can also be used as a signature-changing
+the caller function into a signature-preserving decorator: the
+``decorator`` function:
+
+>>> from decorator import decorator
+>>> print(decorator.__doc__)
+decorator(caller) converts a caller function into a decorator
+
+The ``decorator`` function can be used as a signature-changing
 decorator, just as ``classmethod`` and ``staticmethod``.
 However, ``classmethod`` and ``staticmethod`` return generic
 objects which are not callable, while ``decorator`` returns
@@ -264,8 +268,7 @@ For instance, you can write directly
  ...     print("calling %s with args %s, {%s}" % (f.__name__, args, kwstr))
  ...     return f(*args, **kw)
 
-and now ``trace`` will be a decorator. Actually ``trace`` is a ``partial``
-object which can be used as a decorator:
+and now ``trace`` will be a decorator.
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
@@ -282,10 +285,6 @@ Here is an example of usage:
  >>> func()
  calling func with args (), {}
 
-If you are using an old Python version (Python 2.4) the
-``decorator`` module provides a poor man replacement for
-``functools.partial``.
-
 ``blocking``
 -------------------------------------------
 
@@ -328,7 +327,7 @@ available. For instance:
 We have just seen an examples of a simple decorator factory,
 implemented as a function returning a decorator.
 For more complex situations, it is more
-convenient to implement decorator factories as classes returning
+convenient to implement decorator factories as
 callable objects that can be converted into decorators.
 
 As an example, here will I show a decorator
@@ -442,7 +441,7 @@ of the decorated functions: the decorated ``hello`` function here will have
 a generic signature ``hello(*args, **kwargs)`` but will break when
 called with more than zero arguments. For such reasons the decorator
 module, starting with release 3.4, offers a ``decorator.contextmanager``
-decorator that solves both problems and works even in Python 2.5.
+decorator that solves both problems and works in all supported Python versions.
 The usage is the same and factories decorated with ``decorator.contextmanager``
 will returns instances of ``ContextManager``, a subclass of
 ``contextlib.GeneratorContextManager`` with a ``__call__`` method
@@ -514,17 +513,6 @@ the names of the mandatory arguments) an attribute ``arg0``, ``arg1``,
 ..., ``argN`` is also generated. Finally, there is a ``signature``
 attribute, a string with the signature of the original function.
 
-Notice that while I do not have plans
-to change or remove the functionality provided in the
-``FunctionMaker`` class, I do not guarantee that it will stay
-unchanged forever. For instance, right now I am using the traditional
-string interpolation syntax for function templates, but Python 2.6
-and Python 3.0 provide a newer interpolation syntax and I may use
-the new syntax in the future.
-On the other hand, the functionality provided by
-``decorator`` has been there from version 0.1 and it is guaranteed to
-stay there forever.
-
 Getting the source code
 ---------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -653,12 +641,12 @@ The worse case is shown by the following example::
      pass
  " "f()"
 
-On my MacBook, using the ``do_nothing`` decorator instead of the
-plain function is more than three times slower::
+On my laptop, using the ``do_nothing`` decorator instead of the
+plain function is five times slower::
 
  $ bash performance.sh
- 1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.669 usec per loop
- 1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.181 usec per loop
+ 1000000 loops, best of 3: 1.39 usec per loop
+ 1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.278 usec per loop
 
 It should be noted that a real life function would probably do
 something more useful than ``f`` here, and therefore in real life the
@@ -703,9 +691,9 @@ would require to change the CPython implementation of functions and
 add an hook to make it possible to change their signature directly.
 That could happen in future versions of Python (see PEP 362_) and
 then the decorator module would become obsolete. However, at present,
-even in Python 3.2 it is impossible to change the function signature
+even in Python 3.5 it is impossible to change the function signature
 directly, therefore the ``decorator`` module is still useful.
-Actually, this is one of the main reasons why I keep maintaining
+Actually, this is the main reasons why I keep maintaining
 the module and releasing new versions.
 
 .. _362: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0362
@@ -730,8 +718,8 @@ you will get a ``NameError``:
  def f(_func_):
      return _call_(_func_, _func_)
 
-Finally, the implementation is such that the decorated function shares
-the original function dictionary:
+Finally, the implementation is such that *the decorated function shares
+the original function dictionary*:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
@@ -747,6 +735,9 @@ the original function dictionary:
  >>> f.attr2 # the original attribute did not change
  'something else'
 
+If you don't like this behavior you can always save a copy of
+the original function dictionary before decorating it.
+
 Compatibility notes
 ---------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -754,7 +745,7 @@ This version supports all Python releases from 2.6 to 3.5 with
 a single code base. In order to do so, I decided to drop the support
 for ancient versions of Python (Python 2.5 is nearly ten year old).
 If you need to support ancient versions of Python, stick with the
-decorator module 3.4.1.
+decorator module 3.4.2.
 
 Historical notes
 -------------------------
@@ -762,6 +753,12 @@ Historical notes
 The decorator module is over ten years old. Here a few notes on its
 evolution, for whoever is interested.
 
+Version 4 drops support for Python 2.4 and 2.5 and makes it possible
+to use a single code base both for Python 2 and Python 3. This is a
+*huge* bonus, since I could remove over 2,000 lines of duplicated
+documentation. Having to maintain separate docs for Python 2 and Python 3
+effectively stopped any development on the module for several years.
+
 Version 3.4 fixes some bugs in the support of recent versions of
 Python 3.  Version 3.3 was the first version of the ``decorator``
 module to fully support Python 3, including `function
@@ -809,7 +806,7 @@ they are not serious.
 .. _docutils: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/
 .. _pygments: http://pygments.org/
 
-LICENCE
+LICENSE
 ---------------------------------------------
 
 Copyright (c) 2005-2015, Michele Simionato
@@ -879,24 +876,23 @@ utility ``inspect.getfullargspec``, new in Python 3:
  []
  >>> argspec.kwonlydefaults
 
-You can also check that the ``__annotations__`` dictionary is preserved:
+You can check that the ``__annotations__`` dictionary is preserved:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-  >>> f.__annotations__ == f.__wrapped__.__annotations__
+  >>> f.__annotations__ is f.__wrapped__.__annotations__
   True
 
-Depending on the version of the decorator module, the two dictionaries can
-be the same object or not: you cannot rely on object identity, but you can
-rely on the content being the same.
+Here ``f.__wrapped__`` is the original undecorated function. Such an attribute
+is added to be consistent with the way `functools.update_wrapper` work.
 """
 import sys
 import threading
 import time
 import functools
 import itertools
-from decorator import *
 from setup import VERSION
+from decorator import decorator, decorate, FunctionMaker, contextmanager
 
 if sys.version < '3':
     function_annotations = ''
@@ -924,7 +920,7 @@ def _trace(f, *args, **kw):
 
 
 def trace(f):
-    return decorator(_trace, f)
+    return decorate(_trace, f)
 
 
 def on_success(result):  # default implementation
@@ -947,8 +943,8 @@ class Async(object):
     A decorator converting blocking functions into asynchronous
     functions, by using threads or processes. Examples:
 
-    async_with_threads =  Async(threading.Thread)
-    async_with_processes =  Async(multiprocessing.Process)
+    async_with_threads = Async(threading.Thread)
+    async_with_processes = Async(multiprocessing.Process)
     """
 
     def __init__(self, threadfactory, on_success=on_success,
@@ -995,38 +991,33 @@ def memoize_uw(func):
 
     def memoize(*args, **kw):
         if kw:  # frozenset is used to ensure hashability
-            key = args, frozenset(kw.iteritems())
+            key = args, frozenset(kw.items())
         else:
             key = args
-        cache = func.cache
-        if key in cache:
-            return cache[key]
-        else:
-            cache[key] = result = func(*args, **kw)
-            return result
+        if key not in func.cache:
+            func.cache[key] = func(*args, **kw)
+        return func.cache[key]
     return functools.update_wrapper(memoize, func)
 
 
 def _memoize(func, *args, **kw):
     if kw:  # frozenset is used to ensure hashability
-        key = args, frozenset(kw.iteritems())
+        key = args, frozenset(kw.items())
     else:
         key = args
-    cache = func.cache  # attributed added by memoize
-    if key in cache:
-        return cache[key]
-    else:
-        cache[key] = result = func(*args, **kw)
-        return result
+    cache = func.cache  # attribute added by memoize
+    if key not in cache:
+        cache[key] = func(*args, **kw)
+    return cache[key]
 
 
 def memoize(f):
     f.cache = {}
-    return decorator(_memoize, f)
+    return decorate(_memoize, f)
 
 
 def blocking(not_avail):
-    def blocking(f, *args, **kw):
+    def _blocking(f, *args, **kw):
         if not hasattr(f, "thread"):  # no thread running
             def set_result():
                 f.result = f(*args, **kw)
@@ -1038,7 +1029,7 @@ def blocking(not_avail):
         else:  # the thread is ended, return the stored result
             del f.thread
             return f.result
-    return decorator(blocking)
+    return decorator(_blocking)
 
 
 class User(object):
diff --git a/documentation.rst b/documentation.rst
index 37eb40b..f267e70 100644
--- a/documentation.rst
+++ b/documentation.rst
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ The ``decorator`` module
 :Author: Michele Simionato
 :E-mail: michele.simionato@gmail.com
 :Version: 4.0.0 (2015-07-19)
-:Requires: Python 2.6+
+:Supports: Python 2.6, 2.7, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5
 :Download page: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/decorator/4.0.0
 :Installation: ``pip install decorator``
 :License: BSD license
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ solve every problem with a decorator, just because you can.
 
 You may find the source code for all the examples
 discussed here in the ``documentation.py`` file, which contains
-this documentation in the form of doctests.
+the documentation you are reading in the form of doctests.
 
 Definitions
 ------------------------------------
@@ -94,15 +94,12 @@ that depends on non-hashable arguments):
  
      def memoize(*args, **kw):
          if kw:  # frozenset is used to ensure hashability
-             key = args, frozenset(kw.iteritems())
+             key = args, frozenset(kw.items())
          else:
              key = args
-         cache = func.cache
-         if key in cache:
-             return cache[key]
-         else:
-             cache[key] = result = func(*args, **kw)
-             return result
+         if key not in func.cache:
+             func.cache[key] = func(*args, **kw)
+         return func.cache[key]
      return functools.update_wrapper(memoize, func)
 
 
@@ -139,9 +136,9 @@ keyword arguments:
  >>> print(getargspec(f1))
  ArgSpec(args=[], varargs='args', keywords='kw', defaults=None)
 
-This means that introspection tools such as pydoc will give
+This means that introspection tools such as *pydoc* will give
 wrong informations about the signature of ``f1``. This is pretty bad:
-pydoc will tell you that the function accepts a generic signature
+*pydoc* will tell you that the function accepts a generic signature
 ``*args``, ``**kw``, but when you try to call the function with more than an
 argument, you will get an error:
 
@@ -157,14 +154,14 @@ The solution
 
 The solution is to provide a generic factory of generators, which
 hides the complexity of making signature-preserving decorators
-from the application programmer. The ``decorator`` function in
+from the application programmer. The ``decorate`` function in
 the ``decorator`` module is such a factory:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
- >>> from decorator import decorator
+ >>> from decorator import decorate
 
-``decorator`` takes two arguments, a caller function describing the
+``decorate`` takes two arguments, a caller function describing the
 functionality of the decorator and a function to be decorated; it
 returns the decorated function. The caller function must have
 signature ``(f, *args, **kw)`` and it must call the original function ``f``
@@ -175,15 +172,13 @@ i.e. memoization in this case:
 
  def _memoize(func, *args, **kw):
      if kw:  # frozenset is used to ensure hashability
-         key = args, frozenset(kw.iteritems())
+         key = args, frozenset(kw.items())
      else:
          key = args
-     cache = func.cache  # attributed added by memoize
-     if key in cache:
-         return cache[key]
-     else:
-         cache[key] = result = func(*args, **kw)
-         return result
+     cache = func.cache  # attribute added by memoize
+     if key not in cache:
+         cache[key] = func(*args, **kw)
+     return cache[key]
 
 
 At this point you can define your decorator as follows:
@@ -192,14 +187,14 @@ At this point you can define your decorator as follows:
 
  def memoize(f):
      f.cache = {}
-     return decorator(_memoize, f)
+     return decorate(_memoize, f)
 
 
 The difference with respect to the ``memoize_uw`` approach, which is based
 on nested functions, is that the decorator module forces you to lift
-the inner function at the outer level (*flat is better than nested*).
+the inner function at the outer level.
 Moreover, you are forced to pass explicitly the function you want to
-decorate to the caller function.
+decorate, there are no closures.
 
 Here is a test of usage:
 
@@ -241,7 +236,7 @@ function is called:
 .. code-block:: python
 
  def trace(f):
-     return decorator(_trace, f)
+     return decorate(_trace, f)
 
 
 Here is an example of usage:
@@ -315,29 +310,32 @@ utility ``inspect.getfullargspec``, new in Python 3:
  []
  >>> argspec.kwonlydefaults
 
-You can also check that the ``__annotations__`` dictionary is preserved:
+You can check that the ``__annotations__`` dictionary is preserved:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-  >>> f.__annotations__ == f.__wrapped__.__annotations__
+  >>> f.__annotations__ is f.__wrapped__.__annotations__
   True
 
-Depending on the version of the decorator module, the two dictionaries can
-be the same object or not: you cannot rely on object identity, but you can
-rely on the content being the same.
+Here ``f.__wrapped__`` is the original undecorated function. Such an attribute
+is added to be consistent with the way `functools.update_wrapper` work.
 
 
-``decorator`` is a decorator
+decorator.decorator
 ---------------------------------------------
 
 It may be annoying to write a caller function (like the ``_trace``
 function above) and then a trivial wrapper
-(``def trace(f): return decorator(_trace, f)``) every time. For this reason,
+(``def trace(f): return decorate(_trace, f)``) every time. For this reason,
 the ``decorator`` module provides an easy shortcut to convert
-the caller function into a signature-preserving decorator:
-you can just call ``decorator`` with a single argument.
-In our example you can just write ``trace = decorator(_trace)``.
-The ``decorator`` function can also be used as a signature-changing
+the caller function into a signature-preserving decorator: the
+``decorator`` function:
+
+>>> from decorator import decorator
+>>> print(decorator.__doc__)
+decorator(caller) converts a caller function into a decorator
+
+The ``decorator`` function can be used as a signature-changing
 decorator, just as ``classmethod`` and ``staticmethod``.
 However, ``classmethod`` and ``staticmethod`` return generic
 objects which are not callable, while ``decorator`` returns
@@ -352,8 +350,7 @@ For instance, you can write directly
  ...     print("calling %s with args %s, {%s}" % (f.__name__, args, kwstr))
  ...     return f(*args, **kw)
 
-and now ``trace`` will be a decorator. Actually ``trace`` is a ``partial``
-object which can be used as a decorator:
+and now ``trace`` will be a decorator.
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
@@ -370,10 +367,6 @@ Here is an example of usage:
  >>> func()
  calling func with args (), {}
 
-If you are using an old Python version (Python 2.4) the
-``decorator`` module provides a poor man replacement for
-``functools.partial``.
-
 ``blocking``
 -------------------------------------------
 
@@ -385,7 +378,7 @@ where the parameter is the busy message:
 .. code-block:: python
 
  def blocking(not_avail):
-     def blocking(f, *args, **kw):
+     def _blocking(f, *args, **kw):
          if not hasattr(f, "thread"):  # no thread running
              def set_result():
                  f.result = f(*args, **kw)
@@ -397,7 +390,7 @@ where the parameter is the busy message:
          else:  # the thread is ended, return the stored result
              del f.thread
              return f.result
-     return decorator(blocking)
+     return decorator(_blocking)
 
 
 Functions decorated with ``blocking`` will return a busy message if
@@ -432,7 +425,7 @@ available. For instance:
 We have just seen an examples of a simple decorator factory,
 implemented as a function returning a decorator.
 For more complex situations, it is more
-convenient to implement decorator factories as classes returning
+convenient to implement decorator factories as
 callable objects that can be converted into decorators.
 
 As an example, here will I show a decorator
@@ -469,8 +462,8 @@ programming). The implementation is the following:
      A decorator converting blocking functions into asynchronous
      functions, by using threads or processes. Examples:
  
-     async_with_threads =  Async(threading.Thread)
-     async_with_processes =  Async(multiprocessing.Process)
+     async_with_threads = Async(threading.Thread)
+     async_with_processes = Async(multiprocessing.Process)
      """
  
      def __init__(self, threadfactory, on_success=on_success,
@@ -598,7 +591,7 @@ of the decorated functions: the decorated ``hello`` function here will have
 a generic signature ``hello(*args, **kwargs)`` but will break when
 called with more than zero arguments. For such reasons the decorator
 module, starting with release 3.4, offers a ``decorator.contextmanager``
-decorator that solves both problems and works even in Python 2.5.
+decorator that solves both problems and works in all supported Python versions.
 The usage is the same and factories decorated with ``decorator.contextmanager``
 will returns instances of ``ContextManager``, a subclass of
 ``contextlib.GeneratorContextManager`` with a ``__call__`` method
@@ -670,17 +663,6 @@ the names of the mandatory arguments) an attribute ``arg0``, ``arg1``,
 ..., ``argN`` is also generated. Finally, there is a ``signature``
 attribute, a string with the signature of the original function.
 
-Notice that while I do not have plans
-to change or remove the functionality provided in the
-``FunctionMaker`` class, I do not guarantee that it will stay
-unchanged forever. For instance, right now I am using the traditional
-string interpolation syntax for function templates, but Python 2.6
-and Python 3.0 provide a newer interpolation syntax and I may use
-the new syntax in the future.
-On the other hand, the functionality provided by
-``decorator`` has been there from version 0.1 and it is guaranteed to
-stay there forever.
-
 Getting the source code
 ---------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -874,12 +856,12 @@ The worse case is shown by the following example::
      pass
  " "f()"
 
-On my MacBook, using the ``do_nothing`` decorator instead of the
-plain function is more than three times slower::
+On my laptop, using the ``do_nothing`` decorator instead of the
+plain function is five times slower::
 
  $ bash performance.sh
- 1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.669 usec per loop
- 1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.181 usec per loop
+ 1000000 loops, best of 3: 1.39 usec per loop
+ 1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.278 usec per loop
 
 It should be noted that a real life function would probably do
 something more useful than ``f`` here, and therefore in real life the
@@ -924,9 +906,9 @@ would require to change the CPython implementation of functions and
 add an hook to make it possible to change their signature directly.
 That could happen in future versions of Python (see PEP 362_) and
 then the decorator module would become obsolete. However, at present,
-even in Python 3.2 it is impossible to change the function signature
+even in Python 3.5 it is impossible to change the function signature
 directly, therefore the ``decorator`` module is still useful.
-Actually, this is one of the main reasons why I keep maintaining
+Actually, this is the main reasons why I keep maintaining
 the module and releasing new versions.
 
 .. _362: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0362
@@ -951,8 +933,8 @@ you will get a ``NameError``:
  def f(_func_):
      return _call_(_func_, _func_)
 
-Finally, the implementation is such that the decorated function shares
-the original function dictionary:
+Finally, the implementation is such that *the decorated function shares
+the original function dictionary*:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
@@ -968,6 +950,9 @@ the original function dictionary:
  >>> f.attr2 # the original attribute did not change
  'something else'
 
+If you don't like this behavior you can always save a copy of
+the original function dictionary before decorating it.
+
 Compatibility notes
 ---------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -975,7 +960,7 @@ This version supports all Python releases from 2.6 to 3.5 with
 a single code base. In order to do so, I decided to drop the support
 for ancient versions of Python (Python 2.5 is nearly ten year old).
 If you need to support ancient versions of Python, stick with the
-decorator module 3.4.1.
+decorator module 3.4.2.
 
 Historical notes
 -------------------------
@@ -983,6 +968,12 @@ Historical notes
 The decorator module is over ten years old. Here a few notes on its
 evolution, for whoever is interested.
 
+Version 4 drops support for Python 2.4 and 2.5 and makes it possible
+to use a single code base both for Python 2 and Python 3. This is a
+*huge* bonus, since I could remove over 2,000 lines of duplicated
+documentation. Having to maintain separate docs for Python 2 and Python 3
+effectively stopped any development on the module for several years.
+
 Version 3.4 fixes some bugs in the support of recent versions of
 Python 3.  Version 3.3 was the first version of the ``decorator``
 module to fully support Python 3, including `function
@@ -1030,7 +1021,7 @@ they are not serious.
 .. _docutils: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/
 .. _pygments: http://pygments.org/
 
-LICENCE
+LICENSE
 ---------------------------------------------
 
 Copyright (c) 2005-2015, Michele Simionato
diff --git a/performance.sh b/performance.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1efe2c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/performance.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+python3 -m timeit -s "
+from decorator import decorator
+@decorator
+def do_nothing(func, *args, **kw):
+    return func(*args, **kw)
+@do_nothing
+def f():
+    pass
+" "f()"
+python3 -m timeit -s "
+def f():
+    pass
+" "f()"
diff --git a/src/decorator.py b/src/decorator.py
index 96de525..81fe389 100644
--- a/src/decorator.py
+++ b/src/decorator.py
@@ -200,45 +200,50 @@ class FunctionMaker(object):
                          evaldict, addsource, **attrs)
 
 
-def decorator(caller, func=None):
+def decorate(caller, func):
     """
-    decorator(caller) converts a caller function into a decorator;
-    decorator(caller, func) decorates a function using a caller.
+    decorate(caller, func) decorates a function using a caller.
     """
-    if func is not None:  # returns a decorated function
-        evaldict = func.__globals__.copy()
-        evaldict['_call_'] = caller
-        evaldict['_func_'] = func
-        return FunctionMaker.create(
-            func, "return _call_(_func_, %(shortsignature)s)",
-            evaldict, __wrapped__=func)
-    else:  # returns a decorator
-        if inspect.isclass(caller):
-            name = caller.__name__.lower()
-            callerfunc = get_init(caller)
-            doc = 'decorator(%s) converts functions/generators into ' \
-                'factories of %s objects' % (caller.__name__, caller.__name__)
-            fun = getfullargspec(callerfunc).args[1]  # second arg
-        elif inspect.isfunction(caller):
-            if caller.__name__ == '<lambda>':
-                name = '_lambda_'
-            else:
-                name = caller.__name__
-            callerfunc = caller
-            doc = caller.__doc__
-            fun = getfullargspec(callerfunc).args[0]  # first arg
-        else:  # assume caller is an object with a __call__ method
-            name = caller.__class__.__name__.lower()
-            callerfunc = caller.__call__.__func__
-            doc = caller.__call__.__doc__
-            fun = getfullargspec(callerfunc).args[1]  # second arg
-        evaldict = callerfunc.__globals__.copy()
-        evaldict['_call_'] = caller
-        evaldict['decorator'] = decorator
-        return FunctionMaker.create(
-            '%s(%s)' % (name, fun),
-            'return decorator(_call_, %s)' % fun,
-            evaldict, call=caller, doc=doc, module=caller.__module__)
+    evaldict = func.__globals__.copy()
+    evaldict['_call_'] = caller
+    evaldict['_func_'] = func
+    return FunctionMaker.create(
+        func, "return _call_(_func_, %(shortsignature)s)",
+        evaldict, __wrapped__=func)
+
+
+def decorator(caller, _func=None):
+    """decorator(caller) converts a caller function into a decorator"""
+    if _func is not None:  # return a decorated function
+        # this is obsolete behavior; you should use decorate instead
+        return decorate(caller, _func)
+    # else return a decorator
+    if inspect.isclass(caller):
+        name = caller.__name__.lower()
+        callerfunc = get_init(caller)
+        doc = 'decorator(%s) converts functions/generators into ' \
+            'factories of %s objects' % (caller.__name__, caller.__name__)
+        fun = getfullargspec(callerfunc).args[1]  # second arg
+    elif inspect.isfunction(caller):
+        if caller.__name__ == '<lambda>':
+            name = '_lambda_'
+        else:
+            name = caller.__name__
+        callerfunc = caller
+        doc = caller.__doc__
+        fun = getfullargspec(callerfunc).args[0]  # first arg
+    else:  # assume caller is an object with a __call__ method
+        name = caller.__class__.__name__.lower()
+        callerfunc = caller.__call__.__func__
+        doc = caller.__call__.__doc__
+        fun = getfullargspec(callerfunc).args[1]  # second arg
+    evaldict = callerfunc.__globals__.copy()
+    evaldict['_call_'] = caller
+    evaldict['decorator'] = decorator
+    return FunctionMaker.create(
+        '%s(%s)' % (name, fun),
+        'return decorator(_call_, %s)' % fun,
+        evaldict, call=caller, doc=doc, module=caller.__module__)
 
 
 # ####################### contextmanager ####################### #