diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'documentation.pdf')
| -rw-r--r-- | documentation.pdf | 903 |
1 files changed, 476 insertions, 427 deletions
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Then, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorate ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (returns the decorated function.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (create) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('f1\(a, b\)') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('f\(a, b\)') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (dict) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg ({}) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .116098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is important to notice that the function body is interpolated before being executed; ) Tj /F2 10 Tf (be careful ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (%) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (sign!) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .22816 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (also accepts keyword arguments. The keyword arguments are attached to the) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.385984 Tw (generated function. This is useful if you want to set some function attributes \(e.g., the docstring) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__doc__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\).) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .419984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For debugging/introspection purposes, it may be useful to see the source code of the generated function.) Tj T* 0 Tw (To do this, just pass ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (addsource=True) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, and the generated function will get a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__source__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (attribute:) Tj T* ET
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Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.344985 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The first argument to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (can be a string \(as above\), or a function. This is the) Tj T* 0 Tw (most common usage, since you typically decorate pre-existing functions.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .955366 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you're writing a framework, however, you may want to use ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (directly, rather) Tj T* 0 Tw (than ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, because it gives you direct access to the body of the generated function.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .494985 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, suppose you want to instrument the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__init__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (methods of a set of classes, by preserving) Tj T* 0 Tw .66881 Tw (their signature. \(This use case is not made up. This is done by SQAlchemy, and other frameworks, too.\)) Tj T* 0 Tw (Here is what happens:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 6.134147 Tw 12 TL /F2 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (NOTE: ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (You should not pass signature strings with default arguments \(e.g., something like) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ('f1\(a,) Tj ( ) Tj (b=None\)') Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\). Just pass ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ('f1\(a,) Tj ( ) Tj (b\)') Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, followed by a tuple of defaults:) Tj T* ET
Q
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Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Getting the source code) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 4.73664 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (uses ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to generate the decorated function. Therefore) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.488555 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will not work for decorated functions. In IPython, this means that the usual ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (??) Tj T* 0 Tw 11.06361 Tw /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (trick will give you the \(right on the spot\) message ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Dynamically) Tj ( ) Tj (generated) Tj T* 0 Tw (function.) Tj ( ) Tj (No) Tj ( ) Tj (source) Tj ( ) Tj (code) Tj ( ) Tj (available) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.43284 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In the past, I have considered this acceptable, since ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (does not really work with) Tj T* 0 Tw .143059 Tw ("regular" decorators. In those cases, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (gives you the wrapper source code, which is) Tj T* 0 Tw (probably not what you want:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.494983 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There has been talk of implementing multiple dispatch functions \(i.e. "generic functions"\) in Python for) Tj T* 0 Tw .475542 Tw (over ten years. Last year, something concrete was done for the first time--and as of Python 3.4, we have) Tj T* 0 Tw (the decorator ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to implement generic functions!) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.494983 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There has been talk of implementing multiple dispatch functions \(i.e. "generic functions"\) in Python for) Tj T* 0 Tw .596303 Tw (over ten years. Last year, something concrete was done for the first time. As of Python 3.4, we have the) Tj T* 0 Tw (decorator ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to implement generic functions!) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .001567 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Since in Python it is possible to consider any instance of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ABCMeta ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (as a virtual ancestor of any other class) Tj T* 0 Tw .21152 Tw (\(it is enough to register it as ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ancestor.register\(cls\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\), any implementation of generic functions must) Tj T* 0 Tw (take virtual ancestors into account.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .001567 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Since in Python it is possible to consider any instance of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ABCMeta ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (as a virtual ancestor of any other class) Tj T* 0 Tw .21152 Tw (\(it is enough to register it as ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ancestor.register\(cls\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\), any implementation of generic functions must) Tj T* 0 Tw (be aware of the registration mechanism.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .530697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The current implementation \(and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (too\) is able to discern that a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Set ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is a) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sized ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (object, so it uses the more specific implementation for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Set) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .530697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The current implementation \(and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (too\) is able to discern that a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Set ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is a) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sized ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (object, by looking at the class registry, so it uses the more specific implementation for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Set) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.687765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sometimes it is not clear how to dispatch. For instance, consider the class ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (C) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (: it is registered both as) Tj T* 0 Tw 5.08664 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Iterable ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, and defines the generic function ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (g ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (with) Tj T* 0 Tw (implementations for both ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Iterable) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (and) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 3.503735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sometimes it is not clear how to dispatch. For instance, consider a class ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (C ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (registered both as) Tj T* 0 Tw 6.013307 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Iterable ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, and defines a generic function ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (g ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (with) Tj T* 0 Tw (implementations for both ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Iterable) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (and) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .052651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is impossible to decide which implementation to use, since the ancestors are independent. The following) Tj T* 0 Tw (function will raise a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (RuntimeError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (when called:) Tj T* ET
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Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .745433 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This is consistent with the "refuse the temptation to guess" philosophy. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (would raise a similar error.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .052651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is impossible to decide which implementation to use, since the ancestors are independent. The following) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.397318 Tw (function will raise a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (RuntimeError ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (when called. This is consistent with the "refuse the temptation to) Tj T* 0 Tw (guess" philosophy. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (would raise a similar error.) Tj T* ET
Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .01104 Tw (It would be easy to rely on the order of registration to decide the precedence order. This is reasonable, but) Tj T* 0 Tw (also fragile:) Tj T* ET
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0 0 0 rg
BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
q
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BT /F1 10 Tf 12 TL ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .539431 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (So the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module prefers to raise an error in the face of ambiguity. This is the same approach) Tj T* 0 Tw (taken by the standard library.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .143516 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (However, it should be noted that the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (dispatch algorithm ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (used by the decorator module is different from the) Tj T* 0 Tw .476098 Tw (one used by the standard library, so in certain cases you will get different answers. The difference is that) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.98816 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (tries to insert the virtual ancestors ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (before ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (the base classes, whereas) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator.dispatch_on ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (tries to insert them ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (after ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (the base classes.) Tj T* ET
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here's an example that shows the difference:) Tj T* ET
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+n 162 12 18 12 re f*
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (singledispatch_example2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# adapted from functools.singledispatch test case) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ET
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-n -6 -6 468.6898 348 re B*
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-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
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.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
n 84 0 6 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 326 Tm 12 TL /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (singledispatch_example2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# adapted from functools.singledispatch test case) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (singledispatch) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (dispatch_on) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('arg') Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (S) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (V) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (c) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Sized) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (S) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__len__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@singledispatch) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (arg) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("base") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@g.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (S) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g_s) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (arg) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("s") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@g.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (c) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Container) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g_container) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (arg) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("container") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (v) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (V) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (assert) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (v) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("s") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (c) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Container) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (V) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# add c.Container to the virtual mro of V) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (assert) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (v) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("s") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# since the virtual mro is V, Sized, S, Container) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (V) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 302 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (singledispatch) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (dispatch_on) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('arg') Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (S) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (V) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (c) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Sized) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (S) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__len__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@singledispatch) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (arg) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("base") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@g.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (S) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g_s) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (arg) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("s") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@g.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (c) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Container) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g_container) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (arg) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("container") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (v) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (V) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (assert) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (v) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("s") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (c) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Container) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (V) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# add c.Container to the virtual mro of V) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (assert) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (v) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("s") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F7 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# since the virtual mro is V, Sized, S, Container) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (V) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 371.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 395.8236 cm
q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 10.88816 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you play with this example and replace the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (definition with) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.50816 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, the assertion will break: ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (g ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will return ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ("container" ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (instead of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ("s") Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj T* 0 Tw (because ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will insert the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Container ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (class right before ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (S) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
Q
@@ -8410,7 +8459,7 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 341.8236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 3.641163 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The only way to understand what is happening here is to scratch your head by looking at the) Tj T* 0 Tw (implementations. I will just notice that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.dispatch_info ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is quite useful:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .528935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that here I am not making any bold claim such as "the standard library algorithm is wrong and my) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.082209 Tw (algorithm is right" or viceversa. It just point out that there are some subtle differences. The only way to) Tj T* 0 Tw .43881 Tw (understand what is really happening here is to scratch your head by looking at the implementations. I will) Tj T* 0 Tw (just notice that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.dispatch_info ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is quite essential to see the class precedence list used by algorithm:) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -8868,13 +8917,13 @@ Q endstream
endobj
126 0 obj
-<< /Length 15474 >>
+<< /Length 15466 >>
stream
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 729.0236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 3.015984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Even in Python 3.5, however, it is impossible to change the function signature directly. Thus, the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.617882 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module is still useful! As a matter of fact, this is the main reason why I still maintain the) Tj T* 0 Tw (module and release new versions.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.905984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Even in Python 3.5, it is impossible to change the function signature directly. Thus, the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.624488 Tw /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module is still useful! As a matter of fact, this is the main reason why I still maintain the module and) Tj T* 0 Tw (release new versions.) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
@@ -9014,7 +9063,7 @@ Q q
1 0 0 1 62.69291 411.8236 cm
q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .683984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The error message looks really strange...until you realize that the caller function ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (_memoize ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (uses ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (func ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (as) Tj T* 0 Tw (first argument, so there is a confusion between the positional argument and the keywork arguments.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .467485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The error message looks really strange... until you realize that the caller function ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (_memoize ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (uses ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (func ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (as) Tj T* 0 Tw (first argument, so there is a confusion between the positional argument and the keywork arguments.) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
q
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