Reformatting with Black

No functional changes.

11 files changed, 286 insertions, 242 deletions

diff --git a/tests/test_cli.py b/tests/test_cli.py
index 00f77ac..bb872ea 100644
--- a/tests/test_cli.py
+++ b/tests/test_cli.py
@@ -83,20 +83,20 @@ class AbstractCliTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUpClass(cls):
         # Ensure there is a key to use
         cls.pub_key, cls.priv_key = rsa.newkeys(512)
-        cls.pub_fname = '%s.pub' % cls.__name__
-        cls.priv_fname = '%s.key' % cls.__name__
+        cls.pub_fname = "%s.pub" % cls.__name__
+        cls.priv_fname = "%s.key" % cls.__name__
 
-        with open(cls.pub_fname, 'wb') as outfile:
+        with open(cls.pub_fname, "wb") as outfile:
             outfile.write(cls.pub_key.save_pkcs1())
 
-        with open(cls.priv_fname, 'wb') as outfile:
+        with open(cls.priv_fname, "wb") as outfile:
             outfile.write(cls.priv_key.save_pkcs1())
 
     @classmethod
     def tearDownClass(cls):
-        if hasattr(cls, 'pub_fname'):
+        if hasattr(cls, "pub_fname"):
             remove_if_exists(cls.pub_fname)
-        if hasattr(cls, 'priv_fname'):
+        if hasattr(cls, "priv_fname"):
             remove_if_exists(cls.priv_fname)
 
     def assertExits(self, status_code, func, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -105,10 +105,12 @@ class AbstractCliTest(unittest.TestCase):
         except SystemExit as ex:
             if status_code == ex.code:
                 return
-            self.fail('SystemExit() raised by %r, but exited with code %r, expected %r' % (
-                func, ex.code, status_code))
+            self.fail(
+                "SystemExit() raised by %r, but exited with code %r, expected %r"
+                % (func, ex.code, status_code)
+            )
         else:
-            self.fail('SystemExit() not raised by %r' % func)
+            self.fail("SystemExit() not raised by %r" % func)
 
 
 class KeygenTest(AbstractCliTest):
@@ -122,61 +124,64 @@ class KeygenTest(AbstractCliTest):
                 rsa.cli.keygen()
 
         lines = get_bytes_out(out).splitlines()
-        self.assertEqual(b'-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----', lines[0])
-        self.assertEqual(b'-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----', lines[-1])
+        self.assertEqual(b"-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----", lines[0])
+        self.assertEqual(b"-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----", lines[-1])
 
         # The key size should be shown on stderr
-        self.assertTrue('128-bit key' in err.getvalue())
+        self.assertTrue("128-bit key" in err.getvalue())
 
-    @cleanup_files('test_cli_privkey_out.pem')
+    @cleanup_files("test_cli_privkey_out.pem")
     def test_keygen_priv_out_pem(self):
         with captured_output() as (out, err):
-            with cli_args('--out=test_cli_privkey_out.pem', '--form=PEM', 128):
+            with cli_args("--out=test_cli_privkey_out.pem", "--form=PEM", 128):
                 rsa.cli.keygen()
 
         # The key size should be shown on stderr
-        self.assertTrue('128-bit key' in err.getvalue())
+        self.assertTrue("128-bit key" in err.getvalue())
 
         # The output file should be shown on stderr
-        self.assertTrue('test_cli_privkey_out.pem' in err.getvalue())
+        self.assertTrue("test_cli_privkey_out.pem" in err.getvalue())
 
         # If we can load the file as PEM, it's good enough.
-        with open('test_cli_privkey_out.pem', 'rb') as pemfile:
+        with open("test_cli_privkey_out.pem", "rb") as pemfile:
             rsa.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(pemfile.read())
 
-    @cleanup_files('test_cli_privkey_out.der')
+    @cleanup_files("test_cli_privkey_out.der")
     def test_keygen_priv_out_der(self):
         with captured_output() as (out, err):
-            with cli_args('--out=test_cli_privkey_out.der', '--form=DER', 128):
+            with cli_args("--out=test_cli_privkey_out.der", "--form=DER", 128):
                 rsa.cli.keygen()
 
         # The key size should be shown on stderr
-        self.assertTrue('128-bit key' in err.getvalue())
+        self.assertTrue("128-bit key" in err.getvalue())
 
         # The output file should be shown on stderr
-        self.assertTrue('test_cli_privkey_out.der' in err.getvalue())
+        self.assertTrue("test_cli_privkey_out.der" in err.getvalue())
 
         # If we can load the file as der, it's good enough.
-        with open('test_cli_privkey_out.der', 'rb') as derfile:
-            rsa.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(derfile.read(), format='DER')
+        with open("test_cli_privkey_out.der", "rb") as derfile:
+            rsa.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(derfile.read(), format="DER")
 
-    @cleanup_files('test_cli_privkey_out.pem', 'test_cli_pubkey_out.pem')
+    @cleanup_files("test_cli_privkey_out.pem", "test_cli_pubkey_out.pem")
     def test_keygen_pub_out_pem(self):
         with captured_output() as (out, err):
-            with cli_args('--out=test_cli_privkey_out.pem',
-                          '--pubout=test_cli_pubkey_out.pem',
-                          '--form=PEM', 256):
+            with cli_args(
+                "--out=test_cli_privkey_out.pem",
+                "--pubout=test_cli_pubkey_out.pem",
+                "--form=PEM",
+                256,
+            ):
                 rsa.cli.keygen()
 
         # The key size should be shown on stderr
-        self.assertTrue('256-bit key' in err.getvalue())
+        self.assertTrue("256-bit key" in err.getvalue())
 
         # The output files should be shown on stderr
-        self.assertTrue('test_cli_privkey_out.pem' in err.getvalue())
-        self.assertTrue('test_cli_pubkey_out.pem' in err.getvalue())
+        self.assertTrue("test_cli_privkey_out.pem" in err.getvalue())
+        self.assertTrue("test_cli_pubkey_out.pem" in err.getvalue())
 
         # If we can load the file as PEM, it's good enough.
-        with open('test_cli_pubkey_out.pem', 'rb') as pemfile:
+        with open("test_cli_pubkey_out.pem", "rb") as pemfile:
             rsa.PublicKey.load_pkcs1(pemfile.read())
 
 
@@ -189,38 +194,38 @@ class EncryptDecryptTest(AbstractCliTest):
         with captured_output(), cli_args():
             self.assertExits(1, rsa.cli.encrypt)
 
-    @cleanup_files('encrypted.txt', 'cleartext.txt')
+    @cleanup_files("encrypted.txt", "cleartext.txt")
     def test_encrypt_decrypt(self):
-        with open('cleartext.txt', 'wb') as outfile:
-            outfile.write(b'Hello cleartext RSA users!')
+        with open("cleartext.txt", "wb") as outfile:
+            outfile.write(b"Hello cleartext RSA users!")
 
-        with cli_args('-i', 'cleartext.txt', '--out=encrypted.txt', self.pub_fname):
+        with cli_args("-i", "cleartext.txt", "--out=encrypted.txt", self.pub_fname):
             with captured_output():
                 rsa.cli.encrypt()
 
-        with cli_args('-i', 'encrypted.txt', self.priv_fname):
+        with cli_args("-i", "encrypted.txt", self.priv_fname):
             with captured_output() as (out, err):
                 rsa.cli.decrypt()
 
         # We should have the original cleartext on stdout now.
         output = get_bytes_out(out)
-        self.assertEqual(b'Hello cleartext RSA users!', output)
+        self.assertEqual(b"Hello cleartext RSA users!", output)
 
-    @cleanup_files('encrypted.txt', 'cleartext.txt')
+    @cleanup_files("encrypted.txt", "cleartext.txt")
     def test_encrypt_decrypt_unhappy(self):
-        with open('cleartext.txt', 'wb') as outfile:
-            outfile.write(b'Hello cleartext RSA users!')
+        with open("cleartext.txt", "wb") as outfile:
+            outfile.write(b"Hello cleartext RSA users!")
 
-        with cli_args('-i', 'cleartext.txt', '--out=encrypted.txt', self.pub_fname):
+        with cli_args("-i", "cleartext.txt", "--out=encrypted.txt", self.pub_fname):
             with captured_output():
                 rsa.cli.encrypt()
 
         # Change a few bytes in the encrypted stream.
-        with open('encrypted.txt', 'r+b') as encfile:
+        with open("encrypted.txt", "r+b") as encfile:
             encfile.seek(40)
-            encfile.write(b'hahaha')
+            encfile.write(b"hahaha")
 
-        with cli_args('-i', 'encrypted.txt', self.priv_fname):
+        with cli_args("-i", "encrypted.txt", self.priv_fname):
             with captured_output() as (out, err):
                 self.assertRaises(rsa.DecryptionError, rsa.cli.decrypt)
 
@@ -234,52 +239,52 @@ class SignVerifyTest(AbstractCliTest):
         with captured_output(), cli_args():
             self.assertExits(1, rsa.cli.sign)
 
-    @cleanup_files('signature.txt', 'cleartext.txt')
+    @cleanup_files("signature.txt", "cleartext.txt")
     def test_sign_verify(self):
-        with open('cleartext.txt', 'wb') as outfile:
-            outfile.write(b'Hello RSA users!')
+        with open("cleartext.txt", "wb") as outfile:
+            outfile.write(b"Hello RSA users!")
 
-        with cli_args('-i', 'cleartext.txt', '--out=signature.txt', self.priv_fname, 'SHA-256'):
+        with cli_args("-i", "cleartext.txt", "--out=signature.txt", self.priv_fname, "SHA-256"):
             with captured_output():
                 rsa.cli.sign()
 
-        with cli_args('-i', 'cleartext.txt', self.pub_fname, 'signature.txt'):
+        with cli_args("-i", "cleartext.txt", self.pub_fname, "signature.txt"):
             with captured_output() as (out, err):
                 rsa.cli.verify()
 
-        self.assertFalse(b'Verification OK' in get_bytes_out(out))
+        self.assertFalse(b"Verification OK" in get_bytes_out(out))
 
-    @cleanup_files('signature.txt', 'cleartext.txt')
+    @cleanup_files("signature.txt", "cleartext.txt")
     def test_sign_verify_unhappy(self):
-        with open('cleartext.txt', 'wb') as outfile:
-            outfile.write(b'Hello RSA users!')
+        with open("cleartext.txt", "wb") as outfile:
+            outfile.write(b"Hello RSA users!")
 
-        with cli_args('-i', 'cleartext.txt', '--out=signature.txt', self.priv_fname, 'SHA-256'):
+        with cli_args("-i", "cleartext.txt", "--out=signature.txt", self.priv_fname, "SHA-256"):
             with captured_output():
                 rsa.cli.sign()
 
         # Change a few bytes in the cleartext file.
-        with open('cleartext.txt', 'r+b') as encfile:
+        with open("cleartext.txt", "r+b") as encfile:
             encfile.seek(6)
-            encfile.write(b'DSA')
+            encfile.write(b"DSA")
 
-        with cli_args('-i', 'cleartext.txt', self.pub_fname, 'signature.txt'):
+        with cli_args("-i", "cleartext.txt", self.pub_fname, "signature.txt"):
             with captured_output() as (out, err):
-                self.assertExits('Verification failed.', rsa.cli.verify)
+                self.assertExits("Verification failed.", rsa.cli.verify)
 
 
 class PrivatePublicTest(AbstractCliTest):
     """Test CLI command to convert a private to a public key."""
 
-    @cleanup_files('test_private_to_public.pem')
+    @cleanup_files("test_private_to_public.pem")
     def test_private_to_public(self):
 
-        with cli_args('-i', self.priv_fname, '-o', 'test_private_to_public.pem'):
+        with cli_args("-i", self.priv_fname, "-o", "test_private_to_public.pem"):
             with captured_output():
                 rsa.util.private_to_public()
 
         # Check that the key is indeed valid.
-        with open('test_private_to_public.pem', 'rb') as pemfile:
+        with open("test_private_to_public.pem", "rb") as pemfile:
             key = rsa.PublicKey.load_pkcs1(pemfile.read())
 
         self.assertEqual(self.priv_key.n, key.n)
diff --git a/tests/test_common.py b/tests/test_common.py
index 71b81d0..ac56bcd 100644
--- a/tests/test_common.py
+++ b/tests/test_common.py
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ from rsa.common import byte_size, bit_size, inverse
 
 class TestByte(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_values(self):
-        self.assertEqual(byte(0), b'\x00')
-        self.assertEqual(byte(255), b'\xff')
+        self.assertEqual(byte(0), b"\x00")
+        self.assertEqual(byte(255), b"\xff")
 
     def test_struct_error_when_out_of_bounds(self):
         self.assertRaises(struct.error, byte, 256)
@@ -36,13 +36,13 @@ class TestByteSize(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(byte_size(1 << 1024), 129)
         self.assertEqual(byte_size(255), 1)
         self.assertEqual(byte_size(256), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0xffff), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0xffffff), 3)
-        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0xffffffff), 4)
-        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0xffffffffff), 5)
-        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0xffffffffffff), 6)
-        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0xffffffffffffff), 7)
-        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0xffffffffffffffff), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0xFFFF), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0xFFFFFF), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0xFFFFFFFF), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0xFFFFFFFFFF), 5)
+        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0xFFFFFFFFFFFF), 6)
+        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFF), 7)
+        self.assertEqual(byte_size(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF), 8)
 
     def test_zero(self):
         self.assertEqual(byte_size(0), 1)
diff --git a/tests/test_compat.py b/tests/test_compat.py
index e74f046..9c65315 100644
--- a/tests/test_compat.py
+++ b/tests/test_compat.py
@@ -32,41 +32,41 @@ class TestByte(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertRaises(struct.error, byte, -1)
 
     def test_byte_literal(self):
-        self.assertIsInstance(b'abc', bytes)
+        self.assertIsInstance(b"abc", bytes)
 
 
 class TestBytes(unittest.TestCase):
     """Tests for bytes objects."""
 
     def setUp(self):
-        self.b1 = b'\xff\xff\xff\xff'
-        self.b2 = b'\x00\x00\x00\x00'
-        self.b3 = b'\xf0\xf0\xf0\xf0'
-        self.b4 = b'\x4d\x23\xca\xe2'
-        self.b5 = b'\x9b\x61\x3b\xdc'
-        self.b6 = b'\xff\xff'
+        self.b1 = b"\xff\xff\xff\xff"
+        self.b2 = b"\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+        self.b3 = b"\xf0\xf0\xf0\xf0"
+        self.b4 = b"\x4d\x23\xca\xe2"
+        self.b5 = b"\x9b\x61\x3b\xdc"
+        self.b6 = b"\xff\xff"
 
         self.byte_strings = (self.b1, self.b2, self.b3, self.b4, self.b5, self.b6)
 
     def test_xor_bytes(self):
-        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b1, self.b2), b'\xff\xff\xff\xff')
-        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b1, self.b3), b'\x0f\x0f\x0f\x0f')
-        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b1, self.b4), b'\xb2\xdc\x35\x1d')
-        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b1, self.b5), b'\x64\x9e\xc4\x23')
-        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b2, self.b3), b'\xf0\xf0\xf0\xf0')
-        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b2, self.b4), b'\x4d\x23\xca\xe2')
-        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b2, self.b5), b'\x9b\x61\x3b\xdc')
-        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b3, self.b4), b'\xbd\xd3\x3a\x12')
-        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b3, self.b5), b'\x6b\x91\xcb\x2c')
-        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b4, self.b5), b'\xd6\x42\xf1\x3e')
+        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b1, self.b2), b"\xff\xff\xff\xff")
+        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b1, self.b3), b"\x0f\x0f\x0f\x0f")
+        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b1, self.b4), b"\xb2\xdc\x35\x1d")
+        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b1, self.b5), b"\x64\x9e\xc4\x23")
+        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b2, self.b3), b"\xf0\xf0\xf0\xf0")
+        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b2, self.b4), b"\x4d\x23\xca\xe2")
+        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b2, self.b5), b"\x9b\x61\x3b\xdc")
+        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b3, self.b4), b"\xbd\xd3\x3a\x12")
+        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b3, self.b5), b"\x6b\x91\xcb\x2c")
+        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b4, self.b5), b"\xd6\x42\xf1\x3e")
 
     def test_xor_bytes_length(self):
-        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b1, self.b6), b'\x00\x00')
-        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b2, self.b6), b'\xff\xff')
-        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b3, self.b6), b'\x0f\x0f')
-        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b4, self.b6), b'\xb2\xdc')
-        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b5, self.b6), b'\x64\x9e')
-        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b6, b''), b'')
+        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b1, self.b6), b"\x00\x00")
+        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b2, self.b6), b"\xff\xff")
+        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b3, self.b6), b"\x0f\x0f")
+        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b4, self.b6), b"\xb2\xdc")
+        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b5, self.b6), b"\x64\x9e")
+        self.assertEqual(xor_bytes(self.b6, b""), b"")
 
     def test_xor_bytes_commutative(self):
         for first in self.byte_strings:
diff --git a/tests/test_load_save_keys.py b/tests/test_load_save_keys.py
index d881d20..3e90999 100644
--- a/tests/test_load_save_keys.py
+++ b/tests/test_load_save_keys.py
@@ -23,51 +23,67 @@ from unittest import mock
 
 import rsa.key
 
-B64PRIV_DER = b'MC4CAQACBQDeKYlRAgMBAAECBQDHn4npAgMA/icCAwDfxwIDANcXAgInbwIDAMZt'
+B64PRIV_DER = b"MC4CAQACBQDeKYlRAgMBAAECBQDHn4npAgMA/icCAwDfxwIDANcXAgInbwIDAMZt"
 PRIVATE_DER = base64.standard_b64decode(B64PRIV_DER)
 
-B64PUB_DER = b'MAwCBQDeKYlRAgMBAAE='
+B64PUB_DER = b"MAwCBQDeKYlRAgMBAAE="
 PUBLIC_DER = base64.standard_b64decode(B64PUB_DER)
 
-PRIVATE_PEM = b'''\
+PRIVATE_PEM = (
+    b"""\
 -----BEGIN CONFUSING STUFF-----
 Cruft before the key
 
 -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
 Comment: something blah
 
-''' + B64PRIV_DER + b'''
+"""
+    + B64PRIV_DER
+    + b"""
 -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
 
 Stuff after the key
 -----END CONFUSING STUFF-----
-'''
+"""
+)
 
-CLEAN_PRIVATE_PEM = b'''\
+CLEAN_PRIVATE_PEM = (
+    b"""\
 -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-''' + B64PRIV_DER + b'''
+"""
+    + B64PRIV_DER
+    + b"""
 -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-'''
+"""
+)
 
-PUBLIC_PEM = b'''\
+PUBLIC_PEM = (
+    b"""\
 -----BEGIN CONFUSING STUFF-----
 Cruft before the key
 
 -----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
 Comment: something blah
 
-''' + B64PUB_DER + b'''
+"""
+    + B64PUB_DER
+    + b"""
 -----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
 
 Stuff after the key
 -----END CONFUSING STUFF-----
-'''
+"""
+)
 
-CLEAN_PUBLIC_PEM = b'''\
+CLEAN_PUBLIC_PEM = (
+    b"""\
 -----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
-''' + B64PUB_DER + b'''
+"""
+    + B64PUB_DER
+    + b"""
 -----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
-'''
+"""
+)
 
 
 class DerTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -76,7 +92,7 @@ class DerTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_load_private_key(self):
         """Test loading private DER keys."""
 
-        key = rsa.key.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(PRIVATE_DER, 'DER')
+        key = rsa.key.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(PRIVATE_DER, "DER")
         expected = rsa.key.PrivateKey(3727264081, 65537, 3349121513, 65063, 57287)
 
         self.assertEqual(expected, key)
@@ -84,7 +100,7 @@ class DerTest(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(key.exp2, 10095)
         self.assertEqual(key.coef, 50797)
 
-    @mock.patch('pyasn1.codec.der.decoder.decode')
+    @mock.patch("pyasn1.codec.der.decoder.decode")
     def test_load_malformed_private_key(self, der_decode):
         """Test loading malformed private DER keys."""
 
@@ -96,18 +112,18 @@ class DerTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
         with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
             # Always print warnings
-            warnings.simplefilter('always')
+            warnings.simplefilter("always")
 
             # Load 3 keys
             for _ in range(3):
-                key = rsa.key.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(PRIVATE_DER, 'DER')
+                key = rsa.key.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(PRIVATE_DER, "DER")
 
             # Check that 3 warnings were generated.
             self.assertEqual(3, len(w))
 
             for warning in w:
                 self.assertTrue(issubclass(warning.category, UserWarning))
-                self.assertIn('malformed', str(warning.message))
+                self.assertIn("malformed", str(warning.message))
 
         # Check that we are creating the key with correct values
         self.assertEqual(key.exp1, 55063)
@@ -118,7 +134,7 @@ class DerTest(unittest.TestCase):
         """Test saving private DER keys."""
 
         key = rsa.key.PrivateKey(3727264081, 65537, 3349121513, 65063, 57287)
-        der = key.save_pkcs1('DER')
+        der = key.save_pkcs1("DER")
 
         self.assertIsInstance(der, bytes)
         self.assertEqual(PRIVATE_DER, der)
@@ -126,7 +142,7 @@ class DerTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_load_public_key(self):
         """Test loading public DER keys."""
 
-        key = rsa.key.PublicKey.load_pkcs1(PUBLIC_DER, 'DER')
+        key = rsa.key.PublicKey.load_pkcs1(PUBLIC_DER, "DER")
         expected = rsa.key.PublicKey(3727264081, 65537)
 
         self.assertEqual(expected, key)
@@ -135,7 +151,7 @@ class DerTest(unittest.TestCase):
         """Test saving public DER keys."""
 
         key = rsa.key.PublicKey(3727264081, 65537)
-        der = key.save_pkcs1('DER')
+        der = key.save_pkcs1("DER")
 
         self.assertIsInstance(der, bytes)
         self.assertEqual(PUBLIC_DER, der)
@@ -147,7 +163,7 @@ class PemTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_load_private_key(self):
         """Test loading private PEM files."""
 
-        key = rsa.key.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(PRIVATE_PEM, 'PEM')
+        key = rsa.key.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(PRIVATE_PEM, "PEM")
         expected = rsa.key.PrivateKey(3727264081, 65537, 3349121513, 65063, 57287)
 
         self.assertEqual(expected, key)
@@ -159,7 +175,7 @@ class PemTest(unittest.TestCase):
         """Test saving private PEM files."""
 
         key = rsa.key.PrivateKey(3727264081, 65537, 3349121513, 65063, 57287)
-        pem = key.save_pkcs1('PEM')
+        pem = key.save_pkcs1("PEM")
 
         self.assertIsInstance(pem, bytes)
         self.assertEqual(CLEAN_PRIVATE_PEM, pem)
@@ -167,7 +183,7 @@ class PemTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_load_public_key(self):
         """Test loading public PEM files."""
 
-        key = rsa.key.PublicKey.load_pkcs1(PUBLIC_PEM, 'PEM')
+        key = rsa.key.PublicKey.load_pkcs1(PUBLIC_PEM, "PEM")
         expected = rsa.key.PublicKey(3727264081, 65537)
 
         self.assertEqual(expected, key)
@@ -176,7 +192,7 @@ class PemTest(unittest.TestCase):
         """Test saving public PEM files."""
 
         key = rsa.key.PublicKey(3727264081, 65537)
-        pem = key.save_pkcs1('PEM')
+        pem = key.save_pkcs1("PEM")
 
         self.assertIsInstance(pem, bytes)
         self.assertEqual(CLEAN_PUBLIC_PEM, pem)
@@ -184,8 +200,8 @@ class PemTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_load_from_disk(self):
         """Test loading a PEM file from disk."""
 
-        fname = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'private.pem')
-        with open(fname, mode='rb') as privatefile:
+        fname = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "private.pem")
+        with open(fname, mode="rb") as privatefile:
             keydata = privatefile.read()
         privkey = rsa.key.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(keydata)
 
diff --git a/tests/test_mypy.py b/tests/test_mypy.py
index b13cdcc..8cc0d59 100644
--- a/tests/test_mypy.py
+++ b/tests/test_mypy.py
@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ import unittest
 
 import mypy.api
 
-test_modules = ['rsa', 'tests']
+test_modules = ["rsa", "tests"]
 
 
 class MypyRunnerTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_run_mypy(self):
         proj_root = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent.parent
         args = [
-            '--incremental',
-            '--ignore-missing-imports',
-            f'--python-version={sys.version_info.major}.{sys.version_info.minor}'
+            "--incremental",
+            "--ignore-missing-imports",
+            f"--python-version={sys.version_info.major}.{sys.version_info.minor}",
         ] + [str(proj_root / dirname) for dirname in test_modules]
 
         result = mypy.api.run(args)
@@ -26,6 +26,6 @@ class MypyRunnerTest(unittest.TestCase):
         if stdout:
             messages.append(stdout)
         if status:
-            messages.append('Mypy failed with status %d' % status)
-        if messages and not all('Success' in message for message in messages):
-            self.fail('\n'.join(['Mypy errors:'] + messages))
+            messages.append("Mypy failed with status %d" % status)
+        if messages and not all("Success" in message for message in messages):
+            self.fail("\n".join(["Mypy errors:"] + messages))
diff --git a/tests/test_pem.py b/tests/test_pem.py
index dd03cca..7440431 100644
--- a/tests/test_pem.py
+++ b/tests/test_pem.py
@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ from rsa.pem import _markers
 import rsa.key
 
 # 512-bit key. Too small for practical purposes, but good enough for testing with.
-public_key_pem = '''
+public_key_pem = """
 -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
 MFwwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADSwAwSAJBAKH0aYP9ZFuctlPnXhEyHjgc8ltKKx9M
 0c+h4sKMXwjhjbQAZdtWIw8RRghpUJnKj+6bN2XzZDazyULxgPhtax0CAwEAAQ==
 -----END PUBLIC KEY-----
-'''
+"""
 
-private_key_pem = '''
+private_key_pem = """
 -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
 MIIBOwIBAAJBAKH0aYP9ZFuctlPnXhEyHjgc8ltKKx9M0c+h4sKMXwjhjbQAZdtW
 Iw8RRghpUJnKj+6bN2XzZDazyULxgPhtax0CAwEAAQJADwR36EpNzQTqDzusCFIq
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ F8p1J98BEbtjU2mEZIVCMn6vQuhWdl8CIDRL4IJl4eGKlB0QP0JJF1wpeGO/R76l
 DaPF5cMM7k3NAiEAss28m/ck9BWBfFVdNjx/vsdFZkx2O9AX9EJWoBSnSgECIQCa
 +sVQMUVJFGsdE/31C7wCIbE3IpB7ziABZ7mN+V3Dhg==
 -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-'''
+"""
 
 # Private key components
 prime1 = 96275860229939261876671084930484419185939191875438854026071315955024109172739
@@ -45,9 +45,10 @@ prime2 = 88103681619592083641803383393198542599284510949756076218404908654323473
 
 class TestMarkers(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_values(self):
-        self.assertEqual(_markers('RSA PRIVATE KEY'),
-                         (b'-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----',
-                          b'-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            _markers("RSA PRIVATE KEY"),
+            (b"-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----", b"-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----"),
+        )
 
 
 class TestBytesAndStrings(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ class TestBytesAndStrings(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(prime1 * prime2, key.n)
 
     def test_bytes_public(self):
-        key = rsa.key.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_pem(public_key_pem.encode('ascii'))
+        key = rsa.key.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_pem(public_key_pem.encode("ascii"))
         self.assertEqual(prime1 * prime2, key.n)
 
     def test_unicode_private(self):
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ class TestBytesAndStrings(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(prime1 * prime2, key.n)
 
     def test_bytes_private(self):
-        key = rsa.key.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(private_key_pem.encode('ascii'))
+        key = rsa.key.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(private_key_pem.encode("ascii"))
         self.assertEqual(prime1, key.p)
         self.assertEqual(prime2, key.q)
 
@@ -76,24 +77,24 @@ class TestByteOutput(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_bytes_public(self):
         key = rsa.key.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_pem(public_key_pem)
-        self.assertIsInstance(key.save_pkcs1(format='DER'), bytes)
-        self.assertIsInstance(key.save_pkcs1(format='PEM'), bytes)
+        self.assertIsInstance(key.save_pkcs1(format="DER"), bytes)
+        self.assertIsInstance(key.save_pkcs1(format="PEM"), bytes)
 
     def test_bytes_private(self):
         key = rsa.key.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(private_key_pem)
-        self.assertIsInstance(key.save_pkcs1(format='DER'), bytes)
-        self.assertIsInstance(key.save_pkcs1(format='PEM'), bytes)
+        self.assertIsInstance(key.save_pkcs1(format="DER"), bytes)
+        self.assertIsInstance(key.save_pkcs1(format="PEM"), bytes)
 
 
 class TestByteInput(unittest.TestCase):
     """Tests that PEM and DER can be loaded from bytes."""
 
     def test_bytes_public(self):
-        key = rsa.key.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_pem(public_key_pem.encode('ascii'))
-        self.assertIsInstance(key.save_pkcs1(format='DER'), bytes)
-        self.assertIsInstance(key.save_pkcs1(format='PEM'), bytes)
+        key = rsa.key.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_pem(public_key_pem.encode("ascii"))
+        self.assertIsInstance(key.save_pkcs1(format="DER"), bytes)
+        self.assertIsInstance(key.save_pkcs1(format="PEM"), bytes)
 
     def test_bytes_private(self):
-        key = rsa.key.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(private_key_pem.encode('ascii'))
-        self.assertIsInstance(key.save_pkcs1(format='DER'), bytes)
-        self.assertIsInstance(key.save_pkcs1(format='PEM'), bytes)
+        key = rsa.key.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(private_key_pem.encode("ascii"))
+        self.assertIsInstance(key.save_pkcs1(format="DER"), bytes)
+        self.assertIsInstance(key.save_pkcs1(format="PEM"), bytes)
diff --git a/tests/test_pkcs1.py b/tests/test_pkcs1.py
index 272e2bc..f2d4957 100644
--- a/tests/test_pkcs1.py
+++ b/tests/test_pkcs1.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class BinaryTest(unittest.TestCase):
         (self.pub, self.priv) = rsa.newkeys(256)
 
     def test_enc_dec(self):
-        message = struct.pack('>IIII', 0, 0, 0, 1)
+        message = struct.pack(">IIII", 0, 0, 0, 1)
         print("\n\tMessage:   %r" % message)
 
         encrypted = pkcs1.encrypt(message, self.pub)
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class BinaryTest(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(message, decrypted)
 
     def test_decoding_failure(self):
-        message = struct.pack('>IIII', 0, 0, 0, 1)
+        message = struct.pack(">IIII", 0, 0, 0, 1)
         encrypted = pkcs1.encrypt(message, self.pub)
 
         # Alter the encrypted stream
@@ -50,15 +50,14 @@ class BinaryTest(unittest.TestCase):
         altered_a = (a + 1) % 256
         encrypted = encrypted[:5] + byte(altered_a) + encrypted[6:]
 
-        self.assertRaises(pkcs1.DecryptionError, pkcs1.decrypt, encrypted,
-                          self.priv)
+        self.assertRaises(pkcs1.DecryptionError, pkcs1.decrypt, encrypted, self.priv)
 
     def test_randomness(self):
         """Encrypting the same message twice should result in different
         cryptos.
         """
 
-        message = struct.pack('>IIII', 0, 0, 0, 1)
+        message = struct.pack(">IIII", 0, 0, 0, 1)
         encrypted1 = pkcs1.encrypt(message, self.pub)
         encrypted2 = pkcs1.encrypt(message, self.pub)
 
@@ -70,7 +69,8 @@ class ExtraZeroesTest(unittest.TestCase):
         # Key, cyphertext, and plaintext taken from https://github.com/sybrenstuvel/python-rsa/issues/146
         self.private_key = rsa.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(
             "-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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\nXVJl32HuKYPJOMIWfc7hIfxLRHnCN+coz2M6tgqMDs0E/OfjuqVZ\n-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----",
-            format='PEM')
+            format="PEM",
+        )
         self.cyphertext = bytes.fromhex(
             "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"
         )
@@ -98,89 +98,88 @@ class SignatureTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_sign_verify(self):
         """Test happy flow of sign and verify"""
 
-        message = b'je moeder'
-        signature = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, 'SHA-256')
-        self.assertEqual('SHA-256', pkcs1.verify(message, signature, self.pub))
-
+        message = b"je moeder"
+        signature = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, "SHA-256")
+        self.assertEqual("SHA-256", pkcs1.verify(message, signature, self.pub))
 
     @unittest.skipIf(sys.version_info < (3, 6), "SHA3 requires Python 3.6+")
     def test_sign_verify_sha3(self):
         """Test happy flow of sign and verify with SHA3-256"""
 
-        message = b'je moeder'
-        signature = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, 'SHA3-256')
-        self.assertEqual('SHA3-256', pkcs1.verify(message, signature, self.pub))
+        message = b"je moeder"
+        signature = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, "SHA3-256")
+        self.assertEqual("SHA3-256", pkcs1.verify(message, signature, self.pub))
 
     def test_find_signature_hash(self):
         """Test happy flow of sign and find_signature_hash"""
 
-        message = b'je moeder'
-        signature = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, 'SHA-256')
+        message = b"je moeder"
+        signature = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, "SHA-256")
 
-        self.assertEqual('SHA-256', pkcs1.find_signature_hash(signature, self.pub))
+        self.assertEqual("SHA-256", pkcs1.find_signature_hash(signature, self.pub))
 
     def test_alter_message(self):
         """Altering the message should let the verification fail."""
 
-        signature = pkcs1.sign(b'je moeder', self.priv, 'SHA-256')
-        self.assertRaises(pkcs1.VerificationError, pkcs1.verify,
-                          b'mijn moeder', signature, self.pub)
+        signature = pkcs1.sign(b"je moeder", self.priv, "SHA-256")
+        self.assertRaises(
+            pkcs1.VerificationError, pkcs1.verify, b"mijn moeder", signature, self.pub
+        )
 
     def test_sign_different_key(self):
         """Signing with another key should let the verification fail."""
 
         (otherpub, _) = rsa.newkeys(512)
 
-        message = b'je moeder'
-        signature = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, 'SHA-256')
-        self.assertRaises(pkcs1.VerificationError, pkcs1.verify,
-                          message, signature, otherpub)
+        message = b"je moeder"
+        signature = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, "SHA-256")
+        self.assertRaises(pkcs1.VerificationError, pkcs1.verify, message, signature, otherpub)
 
     def test_multiple_signings(self):
         """Signing the same message twice should return the same signatures."""
 
-        message = struct.pack('>IIII', 0, 0, 0, 1)
-        signature1 = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, 'SHA-1')
-        signature2 = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, 'SHA-1')
+        message = struct.pack(">IIII", 0, 0, 0, 1)
+        signature1 = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, "SHA-1")
+        signature2 = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, "SHA-1")
 
         self.assertEqual(signature1, signature2)
 
     def test_split_hash_sign(self):
         """Hashing and then signing should match with directly signing the message. """
 
-        message = b'je moeder'
-        msg_hash = pkcs1.compute_hash(message, 'SHA-256')
-        signature1 = pkcs1.sign_hash(msg_hash, self.priv, 'SHA-256')
+        message = b"je moeder"
+        msg_hash = pkcs1.compute_hash(message, "SHA-256")
+        signature1 = pkcs1.sign_hash(msg_hash, self.priv, "SHA-256")
 
         # Calculate the signature using the unified method
-        signature2 = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, 'SHA-256')
+        signature2 = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, "SHA-256")
 
         self.assertEqual(signature1, signature2)
 
     def test_hash_sign_verify(self):
         """Test happy flow of hash, sign, and verify"""
 
-        message = b'je moeder'
-        msg_hash = pkcs1.compute_hash(message, 'SHA-224')
-        signature = pkcs1.sign_hash(msg_hash, self.priv, 'SHA-224')
+        message = b"je moeder"
+        msg_hash = pkcs1.compute_hash(message, "SHA-224")
+        signature = pkcs1.sign_hash(msg_hash, self.priv, "SHA-224")
 
         self.assertTrue(pkcs1.verify(message, signature, self.pub))
 
     def test_prepend_zeroes(self):
         """Prepending the signature with zeroes should be detected."""
 
-        message = b'je moeder'
-        signature = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, 'SHA-256')
-        signature = bytes.fromhex('0000') + signature
+        message = b"je moeder"
+        signature = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, "SHA-256")
+        signature = bytes.fromhex("0000") + signature
         with self.assertRaises(rsa.VerificationError):
             pkcs1.verify(message, signature, self.pub)
 
     def test_apppend_zeroes(self):
         """Apppending the signature with zeroes should be detected."""
 
-        message = b'je moeder'
-        signature = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, 'SHA-256')
-        signature = signature + bytes.fromhex('0000')
+        message = b"je moeder"
+        signature = pkcs1.sign(message, self.priv, "SHA-256")
+        signature = signature + bytes.fromhex("0000")
         with self.assertRaises(rsa.VerificationError):
             pkcs1.verify(message, signature, self.pub)
 
@@ -191,16 +190,18 @@ class PaddingSizeTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
         # Construct key that will be small enough to need only 7 bytes of padding.
         # This key is 168 bit long, and was generated with rsa.newkeys(nbits=168).
-        self.private_key = rsa.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(b'''
+        self.private_key = rsa.PrivateKey.load_pkcs1(
+            b"""
 -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
 MHkCAQACFgCIGbbNSkIRLtprxka9NgOf5UxgxCMCAwEAAQIVQqymO0gHubdEVS68
 CdCiWmOJxVfRAgwBQM+e1JJwMKmxSF0CCmya6CFxO8Evdn8CDACMM3AlVC4FhlN8
 3QIKC9cjoam/swMirwIMAR7Br9tdouoH7jAE
 -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-        ''')
+        """
+        )
         self.public_key = rsa.PublicKey(n=self.private_key.n, e=self.private_key.e)
 
-        cyphertext = self.encrypt_with_short_padding(b'op je hoofd')
+        cyphertext = self.encrypt_with_short_padding(b"op je hoofd")
         with self.assertRaises(rsa.DecryptionError):
             rsa.decrypt(cyphertext, self.private_key)
 
@@ -209,7 +210,7 @@ CdCiWmOJxVfRAgwBQM+e1JJwMKmxSF0CCmya6CFxO8Evdn8CDACMM3AlVC4FhlN8
         keylength = rsa.common.byte_size(self.public_key.n)
 
         # The word 'padding' has 7 letters, so is one byte short of a valid padding length.
-        padded = b'\x00\x02padding\x00' + message
+        padded = b"\x00\x02padding\x00" + message
 
         payload = rsa.transform.bytes2int(padded)
         encrypted_value = rsa.core.encrypt_int(payload, self.public_key.e, self.public_key.n)
diff --git a/tests/test_pkcs1_v2.py b/tests/test_pkcs1_v2.py
index bba525e..ead1393 100644
--- a/tests/test_pkcs1_v2.py
+++ b/tests/test_pkcs1_v2.py
@@ -26,38 +26,37 @@ from rsa import pkcs1_v2
 class MGFTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_oaep_int_db_mask(self):
         seed = (
-            b'\xaa\xfd\x12\xf6\x59\xca\xe6\x34\x89\xb4\x79\xe5\x07\x6d\xde\xc2'
-            b'\xf0\x6c\xb5\x8f'
+            b"\xaa\xfd\x12\xf6\x59\xca\xe6\x34\x89\xb4\x79\xe5\x07\x6d\xde\xc2" b"\xf0\x6c\xb5\x8f"
         )
         db = (
-            b'\xda\x39\xa3\xee\x5e\x6b\x4b\x0d\x32\x55\xbf\xef\x95\x60\x18\x90'
-            b'\xaf\xd8\x07\x09\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
-            b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
-            b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
-            b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
-            b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\xd4\x36\xe9\x95\x69'
-            b'\xfd\x32\xa7\xc8\xa0\x5b\xbc\x90\xd3\x2c\x49'
+            b"\xda\x39\xa3\xee\x5e\x6b\x4b\x0d\x32\x55\xbf\xef\x95\x60\x18\x90"
+            b"\xaf\xd8\x07\x09\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+            b"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+            b"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+            b"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+            b"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\xd4\x36\xe9\x95\x69"
+            b"\xfd\x32\xa7\xc8\xa0\x5b\xbc\x90\xd3\x2c\x49"
         )
         masked_db = (
-            b'\xdc\xd8\x7d\x5c\x68\xf1\xee\xa8\xf5\x52\x67\xc3\x1b\x2e\x8b\xb4'
-            b'\x25\x1f\x84\xd7\xe0\xb2\xc0\x46\x26\xf5\xaf\xf9\x3e\xdc\xfb\x25'
-            b'\xc9\xc2\xb3\xff\x8a\xe1\x0e\x83\x9a\x2d\xdb\x4c\xdc\xfe\x4f\xf4'
-            b'\x77\x28\xb4\xa1\xb7\xc1\x36\x2b\xaa\xd2\x9a\xb4\x8d\x28\x69\xd5'
-            b'\x02\x41\x21\x43\x58\x11\x59\x1b\xe3\x92\xf9\x82\xfb\x3e\x87\xd0'
-            b'\x95\xae\xb4\x04\x48\xdb\x97\x2f\x3a\xc1\x4f\x7b\xc2\x75\x19\x52'
-            b'\x81\xce\x32\xd2\xf1\xb7\x6d\x4d\x35\x3e\x2d'
+            b"\xdc\xd8\x7d\x5c\x68\xf1\xee\xa8\xf5\x52\x67\xc3\x1b\x2e\x8b\xb4"
+            b"\x25\x1f\x84\xd7\xe0\xb2\xc0\x46\x26\xf5\xaf\xf9\x3e\xdc\xfb\x25"
+            b"\xc9\xc2\xb3\xff\x8a\xe1\x0e\x83\x9a\x2d\xdb\x4c\xdc\xfe\x4f\xf4"
+            b"\x77\x28\xb4\xa1\xb7\xc1\x36\x2b\xaa\xd2\x9a\xb4\x8d\x28\x69\xd5"
+            b"\x02\x41\x21\x43\x58\x11\x59\x1b\xe3\x92\xf9\x82\xfb\x3e\x87\xd0"
+            b"\x95\xae\xb4\x04\x48\xdb\x97\x2f\x3a\xc1\x4f\x7b\xc2\x75\x19\x52"
+            b"\x81\xce\x32\xd2\xf1\xb7\x6d\x4d\x35\x3e\x2d"
         )
 
         # dbMask = MGF(seed, length(DB))
         db_mask = pkcs1_v2.mgf1(seed, length=len(db))
         expected_db_mask = (
-            b'\x06\xe1\xde\xb2\x36\x9a\xa5\xa5\xc7\x07\xd8\x2c\x8e\x4e\x93\x24'
-            b'\x8a\xc7\x83\xde\xe0\xb2\xc0\x46\x26\xf5\xaf\xf9\x3e\xdc\xfb\x25'
-            b'\xc9\xc2\xb3\xff\x8a\xe1\x0e\x83\x9a\x2d\xdb\x4c\xdc\xfe\x4f\xf4'
-            b'\x77\x28\xb4\xa1\xb7\xc1\x36\x2b\xaa\xd2\x9a\xb4\x8d\x28\x69\xd5'
-            b'\x02\x41\x21\x43\x58\x11\x59\x1b\xe3\x92\xf9\x82\xfb\x3e\x87\xd0'
-            b'\x95\xae\xb4\x04\x48\xdb\x97\x2f\x3a\xc1\x4e\xaf\xf4\x9c\x8c\x3b'
-            b'\x7c\xfc\x95\x1a\x51\xec\xd1\xdd\xe6\x12\x64'
+            b"\x06\xe1\xde\xb2\x36\x9a\xa5\xa5\xc7\x07\xd8\x2c\x8e\x4e\x93\x24"
+            b"\x8a\xc7\x83\xde\xe0\xb2\xc0\x46\x26\xf5\xaf\xf9\x3e\xdc\xfb\x25"
+            b"\xc9\xc2\xb3\xff\x8a\xe1\x0e\x83\x9a\x2d\xdb\x4c\xdc\xfe\x4f\xf4"
+            b"\x77\x28\xb4\xa1\xb7\xc1\x36\x2b\xaa\xd2\x9a\xb4\x8d\x28\x69\xd5"
+            b"\x02\x41\x21\x43\x58\x11\x59\x1b\xe3\x92\xf9\x82\xfb\x3e\x87\xd0"
+            b"\x95\xae\xb4\x04\x48\xdb\x97\x2f\x3a\xc1\x4e\xaf\xf4\x9c\x8c\x3b"
+            b"\x7c\xfc\x95\x1a\x51\xec\xd1\xdd\xe6\x12\x64"
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(db_mask, expected_db_mask)
@@ -65,8 +64,7 @@ class MGFTest(unittest.TestCase):
         # seedMask = MGF(maskedDB, length(seed))
         seed_mask = pkcs1_v2.mgf1(masked_db, length=len(seed))
         expected_seed_mask = (
-            b'\x41\x87\x0b\x5a\xb0\x29\xe6\x57\xd9\x57\x50\xb5\x4c\x28\x3c\x08'
-            b'\x72\x5d\xbe\xa9'
+            b"\x41\x87\x0b\x5a\xb0\x29\xe6\x57\xd9\x57\x50\xb5\x4c\x28\x3c\x08" b"\x72\x5d\xbe\xa9"
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(seed_mask, expected_seed_mask)
@@ -74,8 +72,8 @@ class MGFTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_invalid_hasher(self):
         """Tests an invalid hasher generates an exception"""
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            pkcs1_v2.mgf1(b'\x06\xe1\xde\xb2', length=8, hasher='SHA2')
+            pkcs1_v2.mgf1(b"\x06\xe1\xde\xb2", length=8, hasher="SHA2")
 
     def test_invalid_length(self):
         with self.assertRaises(OverflowError):
-            pkcs1_v2.mgf1(b'\x06\xe1\xde\xb2', length=2**50)
+            pkcs1_v2.mgf1(b"\x06\xe1\xde\xb2", length=2 ** 50)
diff --git a/tests/test_prime.py b/tests/test_prime.py
index 5577f67..42d8af1 100644
--- a/tests/test_prime.py
+++ b/tests/test_prime.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class PrimeTest(unittest.TestCase):
         # Test some slightly larger numbers
         self.assertEqual(
             [907, 911, 919, 929, 937, 941, 947, 953, 967, 971, 977, 983, 991, 997],
-            [x for x in range(901, 1000) if rsa.prime.is_prime(x)]
+            [x for x in range(901, 1000) if rsa.prime.is_prime(x)],
         )
 
         # Test around the 50th millionth known prime.
@@ -62,13 +62,23 @@ class PrimeTest(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertEqual([], randints)
 
             # 'Exit inner loop and continue with next witness'
-            randints.extend([
-                2119139098,  # causes 'Exit inner loop and continue with next witness'
-                # the next witnesses for the above case:
-                3051067716, 3603501763, 3230895847, 3687808133, 3760099987, 4026931495, 3022471882,
-            ])
-            self.assertEqual(True, rsa.prime.miller_rabin_primality_testing(2211417913,
-                                                                            len(randints)))
+            randints.extend(
+                [
+                    2119139098,  # causes 'Exit inner loop and continue with next witness'
+                    # the next witnesses for the above case:
+                    3051067716,
+                    3603501763,
+                    3230895847,
+                    3687808133,
+                    3760099987,
+                    4026931495,
+                    3022471882,
+                ]
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                True,
+                rsa.prime.miller_rabin_primality_testing(2211417913, len(randints)),
+            )
             self.assertEqual([], randints)
         finally:
             rsa.randnum.randint = orig_randint
@@ -84,22 +94,38 @@ class PrimeTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
         # List of known Mersenne exponents.
         known_mersenne_exponents = [
-            2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 31, 61, 89, 107, 127, 521, 607, 1279,
-            2203, 2281, 4423,
+            2,
+            3,
+            5,
+            7,
+            13,
+            17,
+            19,
+            31,
+            61,
+            89,
+            107,
+            127,
+            521,
+            607,
+            1279,
+            2203,
+            2281,
+            4423,
         ]
 
         # Test Mersenne primes.
         for exp in known_mersenne_exponents:
-            self.assertTrue(rsa.prime.is_prime(2**exp - 1))
+            self.assertTrue(rsa.prime.is_prime(2 ** exp - 1))
 
     def test_get_primality_testing_rounds(self):
         """Test round calculation for primality testing."""
 
-        self.assertEqual(rsa.prime.get_primality_testing_rounds(1 << 63),  10)
+        self.assertEqual(rsa.prime.get_primality_testing_rounds(1 << 63), 10)
         self.assertEqual(rsa.prime.get_primality_testing_rounds(1 << 127), 10)
         self.assertEqual(rsa.prime.get_primality_testing_rounds(1 << 255), 10)
-        self.assertEqual(rsa.prime.get_primality_testing_rounds(1 << 511),  7)
-        self.assertEqual(rsa.prime.get_primality_testing_rounds(1 << 767),  7)
+        self.assertEqual(rsa.prime.get_primality_testing_rounds(1 << 511), 7)
+        self.assertEqual(rsa.prime.get_primality_testing_rounds(1 << 767), 7)
         self.assertEqual(rsa.prime.get_primality_testing_rounds(1 << 1023), 4)
         self.assertEqual(rsa.prime.get_primality_testing_rounds(1 << 1279), 4)
         self.assertEqual(rsa.prime.get_primality_testing_rounds(1 << 1535), 3)
diff --git a/tests/test_strings.py b/tests/test_strings.py
index e392627..ae8ffe1 100644
--- a/tests/test_strings.py
+++ b/tests/test_strings.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class StringTest(unittest.TestCase):
         (self.pub, self.priv) = rsa.newkeys(384)
 
     def test_enc_dec(self):
-        message = unicode_string.encode('utf-8')
+        message = unicode_string.encode("utf-8")
         print("\n\tMessage:   %r" % message)
 
         encrypted = rsa.encrypt(message, self.pub)
diff --git a/tests/test_transform.py b/tests/test_transform.py
index 7b9335e..1404619 100644
--- a/tests/test_transform.py
+++ b/tests/test_transform.py
@@ -18,20 +18,19 @@ from rsa.transform import int2bytes, bytes2int
 
 class Test_int2bytes(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_accuracy(self):
-        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(123456789), b'\x07[\xcd\x15')
+        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(123456789), b"\x07[\xcd\x15")
 
     def test_codec_identity(self):
         self.assertEqual(bytes2int(int2bytes(123456789, 128)), 123456789)
 
     def test_chunk_size(self):
-        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(123456789, 6), b'\x00\x00\x07[\xcd\x15')
-        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(123456789, 7),
-                         b'\x00\x00\x00\x07[\xcd\x15')
+        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(123456789, 6), b"\x00\x00\x07[\xcd\x15")
+        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(123456789, 7), b"\x00\x00\x00\x07[\xcd\x15")
 
     def test_zero(self):
-        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(0, 4), b'\x00' * 4)
-        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(0, 7), b'\x00' * 7)
-        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(0), b'\x00')
+        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(0, 4), b"\x00" * 4)
+        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(0, 7), b"\x00" * 7)
+        self.assertEqual(int2bytes(0), b"\x00")
 
     def test_correctness_against_base_implementation(self):
         # Slow test.
@@ -41,9 +40,7 @@ class Test_int2bytes(unittest.TestCase):
             1 << 77,
         ]
         for value in values:
-            self.assertEqual(bytes2int(int2bytes(value)),
-                             value,
-                             "Boom %d" % value)
+            self.assertEqual(bytes2int(int2bytes(value)), value, "Boom %d" % value)
 
     def test_raises_OverflowError_when_chunk_size_is_insufficient(self):
         self.assertRaises(OverflowError, int2bytes, 123456789, 3)