path: root/man/org.freedesktop.machine1.xml

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<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" >
<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+ -->

<refentry id="org.freedesktop.machine1" conditional='ENABLE_MACHINED'
    xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
  <refentryinfo>
    <title>org.freedesktop.machine1</title>
    <productname>systemd</productname>
  </refentryinfo>

  <refmeta>
    <refentrytitle>org.freedesktop.machine1</refentrytitle>
    <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
  </refmeta>

  <refnamediv>
    <refname>org.freedesktop.machine1</refname>
    <refpurpose>The D-Bus interface of systemd-machined</refpurpose>
  </refnamediv>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Introduction</title>

    <para>
    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
    is a system service that keeps track of locally running virtual machines and containers.
    This page describes the D-Bus interface.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>The Manager Object</title>

    <para>The service exposes the following interfaces on the Manager object on the bus:</para>

    <programlisting>
$ gdbus introspect --system \
        --dest org.freedesktop.machine1 \
        --object-path /org/freedesktop/machine1

node /org/freedesktop/machine1 {
  interface org.freedesktop.machine1.Manager {
    methods:
      GetMachine(in  s name,
                 out o machine);
      GetImage(in  s name,
               out o image);
      GetMachineByPID(in  u pid,
                      out o machine);
      ListMachines(out a(ssso) machines);
      ListImages(out a(ssbttto) images);
      CreateMachine(in  s name,
                    in  ay id,
                    in  s service,
                    in  s class,
                    in  u leader,
                    in  s root_directory,
                    in  a(sv) scope_properties,
                    out o path);
      CreateMachineWithNetwork(in  s name,
                               in  ay id,
                               in  s service,
                               in  s class,
                               in  u leader,
                               in  s root_directory,
                               in  ai ifindices,
                               in  a(sv) scope_properties,
                               out o path);
      RegisterMachine(in  s name,
                      in  ay id,
                      in  s service,
                      in  s class,
                      in  u leader,
                      in  s root_directory,
                      out o path);
      RegisterMachineWithNetwork(in  s name,
                                 in  ay id,
                                 in  s service,
                                 in  s class,
                                 in  u leader,
                                 in  s root_directory,
                                 in  ai ifindices,
                                 out o path);
      UnregisterMachine(in  s name);
      TerminateMachine(in  s id);
      KillMachine(in  s name,
                  in  s who,
                  in  i signal);
      GetMachineAddresses(in  s name,
                          out a(iay) addresses);
      GetMachineOSRelease(in  s name,
                          out a{ss} fields);
      OpenMachinePTY(in  s name,
                     out h pty,
                     out s pty_path);
      OpenMachineLogin(in  s name,
                       out h pty,
                       out s pty_path);
      OpenMachineShell(in  s name,
                       in  s user,
                       in  s path,
                       in  as args,
                       in  as environment,
                       out h pty,
                       out s pty_path);
      BindMountMachine(in  s name,
                       in  s source,
                       in  s destination,
                       in  b read_only,
                       in  b mkdir);
      CopyFromMachine(in  s name,
                      in  s source,
                      in  s destination);
      CopyToMachine(in  s name,
                    in  s source,
                    in  s destination);
      OpenMachineRootDirectory(in  s name,
                               out h fd);
      GetMachineUIDShift(in  s name,
                         out u shift);
      RemoveImage(in  s name);
      RenameImage(in  s name,
                  in  s new_name);
      CloneImage(in  s name,
                 in  s new_name,
                 in  b read_only);
      MarkImageReadOnly(in  s name,
                        in  b read_only);
      GetImageHostname(in  s name,
                       out s hostname);
      GetImageMachineID(in  s name,
                        out ay id);
      GetImageMachineInfo(in  s name,
                          out a{ss} machine_info);
      GetImageOSRelease(in  s name,
                        out a{ss} os_release);
      SetPoolLimit(in  t size);
      SetImageLimit(in  s name,
                    in  t size);
      CleanPool(in  s mode,
                out a(st) images);
      MapFromMachineUser(in  s name,
                         in  u uid_inner,
                         out u uid_outer);
      MapToMachineUser(in  u uid_outer,
                       out s machine_name,
                       out o machine_path,
                       out u uid_inner);
      MapFromMachineGroup(in  s name,
                          in  u gid_inner,
                          out u gid_outer);
      MapToMachineGroup(in  u gid_outer,
                        out s machine_name,
                        out o machine_path,
                        out u gid_inner);
    signals:
      MachineNew(s machine,
                 o path);
      MachineRemoved(s machine,
                     o path);
    properties:
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("false")
      readonly s PoolPath = '...';
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("false")
      readonly t PoolUsage = ...;
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("false")
      readonly t PoolLimit = ...;
  };
  interface org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer { ... };
  interface org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable { ... };
  interface org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties { ... };
};
</programlisting>

    <refsect2>
      <title>Methods</title>

      <para><function>GetMachine()</function> may be used to get the machine object path for the machine with
      the specified name. Similarly, <function>GetMachineByPID()</function> gets the machine object the
      specified PID belongs to if there is any.</para>

      <para><function>GetImage()</function> may be used to get the image object path of the image with the
      specified name.</para>

      <para><function>ListMachines()</function> returns an array of all currently registered machines. The
      structures in the array consist of the following fields: machine name, machine class, an identifier for
      the service that registered the machine and the machine object path.</para>

      <para><function>ListImages()</function> returns an array of all currently known images. The
      structures in the array consist of the following fields: image name, type, read-only flag, creation
      time, modification time, current disk space, and image object path.</para>

      <para><function>CreateMachine()</function> may be used to register a new virtual machine or container
      with <command>systemd-machined</command>, creating a scope unit for it. It accepts the following arguments: a
      machine name chosen by the registrar, an optional UUID as a 32 byte array, a string that identifies the
      service that registers the machine, a class string, the PID of the leader process of the machine, an
      optional root directory of the container, and an array of additional properties to use for the scope
      registration. The virtual machine name must be suitable as a hostname, and hence should follow the usual
      DNS hostname rules, as well as the Linux hostname restrictions. Specifically, only 7 bit ASCII is
      permitted, a maximum length of 64 characters is enforced, only characters from the set
      <literal>a-zA-Z0-9-_.</literal> are allowed, the name may not begin with a dot, and it may not contain
      two dots immediately following each other. Container and VM managers should ideally use the hostname
      used internally in the machine for this parameter. This recommendation is made in order to make the
      machine name naturally resolvable using
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nss-mymachines</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. If
      a container manager needs to embed characters outside of the indicated range, escaping is required,
      possibly using <literal>_</literal> as the escape character. Another (somewhat natural) option would be
      to utilize Internet IDNA encoding. The UUID is passed as a 32 byte array or, if no suitable UUID is
      available, an empty array (zero length) or zeroed out array shall be passed. The UUID should identify
      the virtual machine/container uniquely and should ideally be the same UUID that
      <filename>/etc/machine-id</filename> in the VM/container is initialized from. The service string can be
      free-form, but it is recommended to pass a short lowercase identifier like
      <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>, <literal>libvirt-lxc</literal> or similar. The class string should
      be either <literal>container</literal> or <literal>vm</literal> indicating whether the machine to
      register is of the respective class. The leader PID should be the host PID of the init process of the
      container or the encapsulating process of the VM. If the root directory of the container is known and
      available in the host's hierarchy, it should be passed. Otherwise, pass the empty string instead. Finally, the
      scope properties are passed as array in the same way as to PID1's
      <function>StartTransientUnit()</function> method. Calling this method will internally register a transient scope
      unit for the calling client (utilizing the passed scope_properties) and move the leader PID into
      it. The call returns an object path for the registered machine object that implements the
      <interfacename>org.freedesktop.machine1.Machine</interfacename> interface (see below). Also see the
      <ulink url="https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/ControlGroupInterface/">New Control Group
      Interfaces</ulink> for details about scope units and how to alter resource control settings on the
      created machine at runtime.</para>

      <para><function>RegisterMachine()</function> is similar to <function>CreateMachine()</function>.
      However, it only registers a machine and does not create a scope unit for it. Instead, the caller's unit is
      registered. We recommend to only use this method for container or VM managers that are run
      multiple times, one instance for each container/VM they manage, and are invoked as system
      services.</para>

      <para><function>CreateMachineWithNetwork()</function> and
      <function>RegisterMachineWithNetwork()</function> are similar to <function>CreateMachine()</function>
      and <function>RegisterMachine()</function> but take an extra argument: an array of network interface
      indices that point towards the virtual machine or container. The interface indices should reference one
      or more network interfaces on the host that can be used to communicate with the guest. Commonly, the
      passed interface index refers to the host side of a "veth" link (in case of containers), a
      "tun"/"tap" link (in case of VMs), or the host side of a bridge interface that bridges access to the
      VM/container interfaces. Specifying this information is useful to enable support for link-local IPv6
      communication to the machines since the scope field of sockaddr_in6 can be initialized by the
      specified ifindex.
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nss-mymachines</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
      makes use of this information.</para>

      <para><function>KillMachine()</function> sends a UNIX signal to the machine's processes. As its arguments, it takes a
      machine name (as originally passed to <function>CreateMachine()</function> or returned by
      <function>ListMachines()</function>), an identifier that specifies what precisely to send the signal to (either
      <literal>leader</literal> or <literal>all</literal>), and a numeric UNIX signal integer.</para>

      <para><function>TerminateMachine()</function> terminates a virtual machine, killing its processes. It
      takes a machine name as its only argument.</para>

      <para><function>GetMachineAddresses()</function> retrieves the IP addresses of a container. This call
      returns an array of pairs consisting of an address family specifier (<constant>AF_INET</constant> or
      <constant>AF_INET6</constant>) and a byte array containing the addresses. This is only supported for
      containers that make use of network namespacing.</para>

      <para><function>GetMachineOSRelease()</function> retrieves the OS release information of a
      container. This method returns an array of key value pairs read from the
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>os-release</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> file in
      the container and is useful to identify the operating system used in a container.</para>

      <para><function>OpenMachinePTY()</function> allocates a pseudo TTY in the container and returns a file
      descriptor and its path. This is equivalent to transitioning into the container and invoking
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>posix_openpt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

      <para><function>OpenMachineLogin()</function> allocates a pseudo TTY in the container and ensures that
      a getty login prompt of the container is running on the other end. It returns the file descriptor of
      the PTY and the PTY path. This is useful for acquiring a pty with a login prompt from the
      container.</para>

      <para><function>OpenMachineShell()</function> allocates a pseudo TTY in the container, as the specified
      user, and invokes the executable at the specified path with a list of arguments (starting from
      argv[0]) and an environment block. It then returns the file descriptor of the PTY and the PTY
      path.</para>

      <para><function>BindMountMachine()</function> bind mounts a file or directory from the host into the
      container. Its arguments consist of a machine name, the source directory on the host, the destination directory in the
      container, and two booleans, one indicating whether the bind mount shall be
      read-only, the other indicating whether the destination mount point shall be created first, if it is
      missing.</para>

      <para><function>CopyFromMachine()</function> copies files or directories from a container into the
      host. It takes a container name, a source directory in the container and a destination directory on the
      host as arguments. <function>CopyToMachine()</function> does the opposite and copies files from a source
      directory on the host into a destination directory in the container.</para>

      <para><function>RemoveImage()</function> removes the image with the specified name.</para>

      <para><function>RenameImage()</function> renames the specified image.</para>

      <para><function>CloneImage()</function> clones the specified image under a new name. It also takes a
      boolean argument indicating whether the resulting image shall be read-only or not.</para>

      <para><function>MarkImageReadOnly()</function> toggles the read-only flag of an image.</para>

      <para><function>SetPoolLimit()</function> sets an overall quota limit on the pool of images.</para>

      <para><function>SetImageLimit()</function> sets a per-image quota limit.</para>

      <para><function>MapFromMachineUser()</function>, <function>MapToMachineUser()</function>,
      <function>MapFromMachineGroup()</function>, and <function>MapToMachineGroup()</function> may be used to map
      UIDs/GIDs from the host user namespace to a container user namespace or vice versa.</para>
    </refsect2>

    <refsect2>
      <title>Signals</title>

      <para><function>MachineNew</function> and <function>MachineRemoved</function> are sent whenever a new
      machine is registered or removed. These signals carry the machine name and the object path to the corresponding
      <interfacename>org.freedesktop.machine1.Machine</interfacename> interface (see below).</para>
    </refsect2>

    <refsect2>
      <title>Properties</title>

      <para><varname>PoolPath</varname> specifies the file system path where images are written to.</para>

      <para><varname>PoolUsage</varname> specifies the current usage size of the image pool in bytes.</para>

      <para><varname>PoolLimit</varname> specifies the size limit of the image pool in bytes.</para>
    </refsect2>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Machine Objects</title>

    <programlisting>
$ gdbus introspect --system \
        --dest org.freedesktop.machine1 \
        --object-path /org/freedesktop/machine1/machine/rawhide

node /org/freedesktop/machine1/machine/rawhide {
  interface org.freedesktop.machine1.Machine {
    methods:
      Terminate();
      Kill(in  s who,
           in  i signal);
      GetAddresses(out a(iay) addresses);
      GetOSRelease(out a{ss} fields);
      GetUIDShift(out u shift);
      OpenPTY(out h pty,
              out s pty_path);
      OpenLogin(out h pty,
                out s pty_path);
      OpenShell(in  s user,
                in  s path,
                in  as args,
                in  as environment,
                out h pty,
                out s pty_path);
      BindMount(in  s source,
                in  s destination,
                in  b read_only,
                in  b mkdir);
      CopyFrom(in  s source,
               in  s destination);
      CopyTo(in  s source,
             in  s destination);
      OpenRootDirectory(out h fd);
    properties:
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly s Name = '...';
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly ay Id = [...];
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly t Timestamp = ...;
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly t TimestampMonotonic = ...;
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly s Service = '...';
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly s Unit = '...';
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly u Leader = ...;
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly s Class = '...';
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly s RootDirectory = '...';
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("const")
      readonly ai NetworkInterfaces = [...];
      @org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal("false")
      readonly s State = '...';
  };
  interface org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer { ... };
  interface org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable { ... };
  interface org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties { ... };
};
    </programlisting>

    <refsect2>
      <title>Methods</title>

      <para><function>Terminate()</function> and <function>Kill()</function> terminate/kill the machine. These methods
      take the same arguments as <function>TerminateMachine()</function> and
      <function>KillMachine()</function> on the Manager interface, respectively.</para>

      <para><function>GetAddresses()</function> and <function>GetOSRelease()</function> get the IP address and OS
      release information from the machine. These methods take the same arguments as
      <function>GetMachineAddresses()</function> and <function>GetMachineOSRelease()</function> of the
      Manager interface, respectively.</para>
    </refsect2>

    <refsect2>
      <title>Properties</title>

      <para><varname>Name</varname> is the machine name as it was passed in during registration with
      <function>CreateMachine()</function> on the manager object.</para>

      <para><varname>Id</varname> is the machine UUID.</para>

      <para><varname>Timestamp</varname> and <varname>TimestampMonotonic</varname> are the realtime and
      monotonic timestamps when the virtual machines where created in microseconds since the epoch.</para>

      <para><varname>Service</varname> contains a short string identifying the registering service as passed
      in during registration of the machine.</para>

      <para><varname>Unit</varname> is the systemd scope or service unit name for the machine.</para>

      <para><varname>Leader</varname> is the PID of the leader process of the machine.</para>

      <para><varname>Class</varname> is the class of the machine and is either the string "vm" (for real VMs
      based on virtualized hardware) or "container" (for light-weight userspace virtualization sharing the
      same kernel as the host).</para>

      <para><varname>RootDirectory</varname> is the root directory of the container if it is known and
      applicable or the empty string.</para>

      <para><varname>NetworkInterfaces</varname> contains an array of network interface indices that point
      towards the container, the VM or the host. For details about this information see the description of
      <function>CreateMachineWithNetwork()</function> above.</para>

      <para><varname>State</varname> is the state of the machine and is one of <literal>opening</literal>,
      <literal>running</literal>, or <literal>closing</literal>. Note that the state machine is not considered
      part of the API and states might be removed or added without this being considered API breakage.
      </para>
    </refsect2>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Versioning</title>

    <para>These D-Bus interfaces follow <ulink url="http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/versioning-dbus.html">
    the usual interface versioning guidelines</ulink>.</para>
  </refsect1>
</refentry>