path: root/man/systemd-cryptenroll.xml

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<refentry id="systemd-cryptenroll" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" conditional='HAVE_LIBCRYPTSETUP'>

  <refentryinfo>
    <title>systemd-cryptenroll</title>
    <productname>systemd</productname>
  </refentryinfo>

  <refmeta>
    <refentrytitle>systemd-cryptenroll</refentrytitle>
    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
  </refmeta>

  <refnamediv>
    <refname>systemd-cryptenroll</refname>
    <refpurpose>Enroll PKCS#11, FIDO2, TPM2 token/devices to LUKS2 encrypted volumes</refpurpose>
  </refnamediv>

  <refsynopsisdiv>
    <cmdsynopsis>
      <command>systemd-cryptenroll <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> <arg choice="opt">DEVICE</arg></command>
    </cmdsynopsis>
  </refsynopsisdiv>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Description</title>

    <para><command>systemd-cryptenroll</command> is a tool for enrolling hardware security tokens and devices
    into a LUKS2 encrypted volume, which may then be used to unlock the volume during boot. Specifically, it
    supports tokens and credentials of the following kind to be enrolled:</para>

    <orderedlist>
      <listitem><para>PKCS#11 security tokens and smartcards that may carry an RSA key pair (e.g. various
      YubiKeys)</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>FIDO2 security tokens that implement the <literal>hmac-secret</literal> extension (most
      FIDO2 keys, including YubiKeys)</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>TPM2 security devices</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>Regular passphrases</para></listitem>

      <listitem><para>Recovery keys. These are similar to regular passphrases, however are randomly generated
      on the computer and thus generally have higher entropy than user-chosen passphrases. Their character
      set has been designed to ensure they are easy to type in, while having high entropy. They may also be
      scanned off screen using QR codes. Recovery keys may be used for unlocking LUKS2 volumes wherever
      passphrases are accepted. They are intended to be used in combination with an enrolled hardware
      security token, as a recovery option when the token is lost.</para></listitem>
    </orderedlist>

    <para>In addition, the tool may be used to enumerate currently enrolled security tokens and wipe a subset
    of them. The latter may be combined with the enrollment operation of a new security token, in order to
    update or replace enrollments.</para>

    <para>The tool supports only LUKS2 volumes, as it stores token meta-information in the LUKS2 JSON token
    area, which is not available in other encryption formats.</para>

    <refsect2>
      <title>TPM2 PCRs and policies</title>

      <para>PCRs allow binding of the encryption of secrets to specific software versions and system state,
      so that the enrolled key is only accessible (may be "unsealed") if specific trusted software and/or
      configuration is used. Such bindings may be created with the option <option>--tpm2-pcrs=</option>
      described below.</para>

      <para>Secrets may also be bound indirectly: a signed policy for a state of some combination of PCR
      values is provided, and the secret is bound to the public part of the key used to sign this policy.
      This means that the owner of a key can generate a sequence of signed policies, for specific software
      versions and system states, and the secret can be decrypted as long as the machine state matches one of
      those policies. For example, a vendor may provide such a policy for each kernel+initrd update, allowing
      users to encrypt secrets so that they can be decrypted when running any kernel+initrd signed by the
      vendor. Such bindings may be created with the options <option>--tpm2-public-key=</option>,
      <option>--tpm2-public-key-pcrs=</option>, <option>--tpm2-signature=</option> described below.
      </para>

      <para>See <ulink url="https://uapi-group.org/specifications/specs/linux_tpm_pcr_registry/">Linux TPM
      PCR Registry</ulink> for an authoritative list of PCRs and how they are updated. The table below
      contains a quick reference, describing in particular the PCRs modified by systemd.</para>

      <table>
        <title>Well-known PCR Definitions</title>

        <!-- See: https://trustedcomputinggroup.org/resource/pc-client-specific-platform-firmware-profile-specification/ -->
        <!-- See: https://github.com/rhboot/shim/blob/main/README.tpm -->
        <!-- See: https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub/html_node/Measured-Boot.html -->
        <!-- See: https://sourceforge.net/p/linux-ima/wiki/Home/ -->
        <!-- See: https://github.com/tianocore-docs/edk2-TrustedBootChain/blob/main/4_Other_Trusted_Boot_Chains.md -->
        <!-- See: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Trusted_Platform_Module#Accessing_PCR_registers -->

        <tgroup cols='3' align='left' colsep='1' rowsep='1'>
          <colspec colname="pcr" />
          <colspec colname="name" />
          <colspec colname="definition" />

          <thead>
            <row>
              <entry>PCR</entry>
              <entry>name</entry>
              <entry>Explanation</entry>
            </row>
          </thead>

          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry>0</entry>
              <entry>platform-code</entry>
              <entry>Core system firmware executable code; changes on firmware updates</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>1</entry>
              <entry>platform-config</entry>
              <entry>Core system firmware data/host platform configuration; typically contains serial and model numbers, changes on basic hardware/CPU/RAM replacements</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>2</entry>
              <entry>external-code</entry>
              <entry>Extended or pluggable executable code; includes option ROMs on pluggable hardware</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>3</entry>
              <entry>external-config</entry>
              <entry>Extended or pluggable firmware data; includes information about pluggable hardware</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>4</entry>
              <entry>boot-loader-code</entry>
              <entry>Boot loader and additional drivers, PE binaries invoked by the boot loader; changes on boot loader updates. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-stub</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> measures system extension images read from the ESP here too (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-sysext</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>).</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>5</entry>
              <entry>boot-loader-config</entry>
              <entry>GPT/Partition table; changes when the partitions are added, modified, or removed</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>7</entry>
              <entry>secure-boot-policy</entry>
              <entry>Secure Boot state; changes when UEFI SecureBoot mode is enabled/disabled, or firmware certificates (PK, KEK, db, dbx, …) changes.</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>9</entry>
              <entry>kernel-initrd</entry>
              <entry>The Linux kernel measures all initrds it receives into this PCR.</entry>
              <!-- Strictly speaking only Linux >= 5.17 using the LOAD_FILE2 protocol, see https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=f046fff8bc4c4d8f8a478022e76e40b818f692df -->
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>10</entry>
              <entry>ima</entry>
              <entry>The IMA project measures its runtime state into this PCR.</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>11</entry>
              <entry>kernel-boot</entry>
              <entry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-stub</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> measures the ELF kernel image, embedded initrd and other payload of the PE image it is placed in into this PCR. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-pcrphase.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> measures boot phase strings into this PCR at various milestones of the boot process.</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>12</entry>
              <entry>kernel-config</entry>
              <entry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-boot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> measures the kernel command line into this PCR. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-stub</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> measures any manually specified kernel command line (i.e. a kernel command line that overrides the one embedded in the unified PE image) and loaded credentials into this PCR.</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>13</entry>
              <entry>sysexts</entry>
              <entry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-stub</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> measures any <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-sysext</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> images it passes to the booted kernel into this PCR.</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>14</entry>
              <entry>shim-policy</entry>
              <entry>The shim project measures its "MOK" certificates and hashes into this PCR.</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>15</entry>
              <entry>system-identity</entry>
              <entry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> optionally measures the volume key of activated LUKS volumes into this PCR. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-pcrmachine.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> measures the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> into this PCR. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-pcrfs@.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> measures mount points, file system UUIDs, labels, partition UUIDs of the root and <filename>/var/</filename> filesystems into this PCR.</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>16</entry>
              <entry>debug</entry>
              <entry>Debug</entry>
            </row>

            <row>
              <entry>23</entry>
              <entry>application-support</entry>
              <entry>Application Support</entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </table>

      <para>In general, encrypted volumes would be bound to some combination of PCRs 7, 11, and 14 (if
      shim/MOK is used). In order to allow firmware and OS version updates, it is typically not advisable to
      use PCRs such as 0 and 2, since the program code they cover should already be covered indirectly
      through the certificates measured into PCR 7. Validation through certificates hashes is typically
      preferable over validation through direct measurements as it is less brittle in context of OS/firmware
      updates: the measurements will change on every update, but signatures should remain unchanged. See the
      <ulink url="https://uapi-group.org/specifications/specs/linux_tpm_pcr_registry/">Linux TPM PCR
      Registry</ulink> for more discussion.</para>
    </refsect2>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Limitations</title>

    <para>Note that currently when enrolling a new key of one of the five supported types listed above, it is
    required to first provide a passphrase, a recovery key or a FIDO2 token. It's currently not supported to
    unlock a device with a TPM2/PKCS#11 key in order to enroll a new TPM2/PKCS#11 key. Thus, if in future key
    roll-over is desired it's generally recommended to ensure a passphrase, a recovery key or a FIDO2 token
    is always enrolled.</para>

    <para>Also note that support for enrolling multiple FIDO2 tokens is currently limited. When multiple FIDO2
    tokens are enrolled, <command>systemd-cryptseup</command> will perform pre-flight requests to attempt to
    identify which of the enrolled tokens are currently plugged in. However, this is not possible for FIDO2
    tokens with user verification (UV, usually via biometrics), in which case it will fall back to attempting
    each enrolled token one by one. This will result in multiple prompts for PIN and user verification. This
    limitation does not apply to PKCS#11 tokens.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Options</title>

    <para>The following options are understood:</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--password</option></term>

        <listitem><para>Enroll a regular password/passphrase. This command is mostly equivalent to
        <command>cryptsetup luksAddKey</command>, however may be combined with
        <option>--wipe-slot=</option> in one call, see below.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--recovery-key</option></term>

        <listitem><para>Enroll a recovery key. Recovery keys are mostly identical to passphrases, but are
        computer-generated instead of being chosen by a human, and thus have a guaranteed high entropy. The
        key uses a character set that is easy to type in, and may be scanned off screen via a QR code.
        </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--unlock-key-file=</option><replaceable>PATH</replaceable></term>

        <listitem><para>Use a file instead of a password/passphrase read from stdin to unlock the volume.
        Expects the PATH to the file containing your key to unlock the volume. Currently there is nothing like
        <option>--key-file-offset=</option> or <option>--key-file-size=</option> so this file has to only
        contain the full key.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--unlock-fido2-device=</option><replaceable>PATH</replaceable></term>

        <listitem><para>Use a FIDO2 device instead of a password/passphrase read from stdin to unlock the
        volume. Expects a <filename>hidraw</filename> device referring to the FIDO2 device (e.g.
        <filename>/dev/hidraw1</filename>). Alternatively the special value <literal>auto</literal> may be
        specified, in order to automatically determine the device node of a currently plugged in security
        token (of which there must be exactly one). This automatic discovery is unsupported if
        <option>--fido2-device=</option> option is also specified.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--pkcs11-token-uri=</option><replaceable>URI</replaceable></term>

        <listitem><para>Enroll a PKCS#11 security token or smartcard (e.g. a YubiKey). Expects a PKCS#11
        smartcard URI referring to the token. Alternatively the special value <literal>auto</literal> may
        be specified, in order to automatically determine the URI of a currently plugged in security token
        (of which there must be exactly one). The special value <literal>list</literal> may be used to
        enumerate all suitable PKCS#11 tokens currently plugged in. The security token must contain an RSA
        key pair which is used to encrypt the randomly generated key that is used to unlock the LUKS2
        volume. The encrypted key is then stored in the LUKS2 JSON token header area.</para>

        <para>In order to unlock a LUKS2 volume with an enrolled PKCS#11 security token, specify the
        <option>pkcs11-uri=</option> option in the respective <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> line:</para>

        <programlisting>myvolume /dev/sda1 - pkcs11-uri=auto</programlisting>

        <para>See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for a
        more comprehensive example of a <command>systemd-cryptenroll</command> invocation and its matching
        <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> line.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--fido2-credential-algorithm=</option><replaceable>STRING</replaceable></term>
        <listitem><para>Specify COSE algorithm used in credential generation. The default value is
        <literal>es256</literal>. Supported values are <literal>es256</literal>, <literal>rs256</literal>
        and <literal>eddsa</literal>.</para>

        <para><literal>es256</literal> denotes ECDSA over NIST P-256 with SHA-256. <literal>rs256</literal>
        denotes 2048-bit RSA with PKCS#1.5 padding and SHA-256. <literal>eddsa</literal> denotes
        EDDSA over Curve25519 with SHA-512.</para>

        <para>Note that your authenticator may not support some algorithms.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--fido2-device=</option><replaceable>PATH</replaceable></term>

        <listitem><para>Enroll a FIDO2 security token that implements the <literal>hmac-secret</literal>
        extension (e.g. a YubiKey). Expects a <filename>hidraw</filename> device referring to the FIDO2
        device (e.g. <filename>/dev/hidraw1</filename>). Alternatively the special value
        <literal>auto</literal> may be specified, in order to automatically determine the device node of a
        currently plugged in security token (of which there must be exactly one). This automatic discovery
        is unsupported if <option>--unlock-fido2-device=</option> option is also specified. The special value
        <literal>list</literal> may be used to enumerate all suitable FIDO2 tokens currently plugged in. Note
        that many hardware security tokens that implement FIDO2 also implement the older PKCS#11
        standard. Typically FIDO2 is preferable, given it's simpler to use and more modern.</para>

        <para>In order to unlock a LUKS2 volume with an enrolled FIDO2 security token, specify the
        <option>fido2-device=</option> option in the respective <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> line:</para>

        <programlisting>myvolume /dev/sda1 - fido2-device=auto</programlisting>

        <para>See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for a
        more comprehensive example of a <command>systemd-cryptenroll</command> invocation and its matching
        <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> line.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--fido2-with-client-pin=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>

        <listitem><para>When enrolling a FIDO2 security token, controls whether to require the user to enter
        a PIN when unlocking the volume (the FIDO2 <literal>clientPin</literal> feature). Defaults to
        <literal>yes</literal>. (Note: this setting is without effect if the security token does not support
        the <literal>clientPin</literal> feature at all, or does not allow enabling or disabling
        it.)</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--fido2-with-user-presence=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>

        <listitem><para>When enrolling a FIDO2 security token, controls whether to require the user to
        verify presence (tap the token, the FIDO2 <literal>up</literal> feature) when unlocking the volume.
        Defaults to <literal>yes</literal>. (Note: this setting is without effect if the security token does not support
        the <literal>up</literal> feature at all, or does not allow enabling or disabling it.)
        </para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--fido2-with-user-verification=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>

        <listitem><para>When enrolling a FIDO2 security token, controls whether to require user verification
        when unlocking the volume (the FIDO2 <literal>uv</literal> feature). Defaults to
        <literal>no</literal>. (Note: this setting is without effect if the security token does not support
        the <literal>uv</literal> feature at all, or does not allow enabling or disabling it.)</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--tpm2-device=</option><replaceable>PATH</replaceable></term>

        <listitem><para>Enroll a TPM2 security chip. Expects a device node path referring to the TPM2 chip
        (e.g. <filename>/dev/tpmrm0</filename>). Alternatively the special value <literal>auto</literal> may
        be specified, in order to automatically determine the device node of a currently discovered TPM2
        device (of which there must be exactly one). The special value <literal>list</literal> may be used to
        enumerate all suitable TPM2 devices currently discovered.</para>

        <para>In order to unlock a LUKS2 volume with an enrolled TPM2 security chip, specify the
        <option>tpm2-device=</option> option in the respective <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> line:</para>

        <programlisting>myvolume /dev/sda1 - tpm2-device=auto</programlisting>

        <para>See
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for a
        more comprehensive example of a <command>systemd-cryptenroll</command> invocation and its matching
        <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> line.</para>

        <para>Use <option>--tpm2-pcrs=</option> (see below) to configure which TPM2 PCR indexes to bind the
        enrollment to.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--tpm2-pcrs=</option><arg rep="repeat">PCR</arg></term>

        <listitem><para>Configures the TPM2 PCRs (Platform Configuration Registers) to bind to when
        enrollment is requested via <option>--tpm2-device=</option>. Takes a list of PCR names or numeric
        indices in the range 0…23. Multiple PCR indexes are separated by <literal>+</literal>. If not
        specified, the default is to use PCR 7 only. If an empty string is specified, binds the enrollment to
        no PCRs at all. See the table above for a list of available PCRs.</para>

        <para>Example: <option>--tpm2-pcrs=boot-loader-code+platform-config+boot-loader-config</option>
        specifies that PCR registers 4, 1, and 5 should be used.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--tpm2-with-pin=</option><replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></term>

        <listitem><para>When enrolling a TPM2 device, controls whether to require the user to enter a PIN
        when unlocking the volume in addition to PCR binding, based on TPM2 policy authentication. Defaults
        to <literal>no</literal>. Despite being called PIN, any character can be used, not just numbers.
        </para>

        <para>Note that incorrect PIN entry when unlocking increments the TPM dictionary attack lockout
        mechanism, and may lock out users for a prolonged time, depending on its configuration. The lockout
        mechanism is a global property of the TPM, <command>systemd-cryptenroll</command> does not control or
        configure the lockout mechanism. You may use tpm2-tss tools to inspect or configure the dictionary
        attack lockout, with <citerefentry
        project='mankier'><refentrytitle>tpm2_getcap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        and <citerefentry
        project='mankier'><refentrytitle>tpm2_dictionarylockout</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        commands, respectively.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--tpm2-public-key=</option><arg>PATH</arg></term>
        <term><option>--tpm2-public-key-pcrs=</option><arg rep="repeat">PCR</arg></term>
        <term><option>--tpm2-signature=</option><arg>PATH</arg></term>

        <listitem><para>Configures a TPM2 signed PCR policy to bind encryption to. The
        <option>--tpm2-public-key=</option> option accepts a path to a PEM encoded RSA public key, to bind
        the encryption to. If this is not specified explicitly, but a file
        <filename>tpm2-pcr-public-key.pem</filename> exists in one of the directories
        <filename>/etc/systemd/</filename>, <filename>/run/systemd/</filename>,
        <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/</filename> (searched in this order), it is automatically used. The
        <option>--tpm2-public-key-pcrs=</option> option takes a list of TPM2 PCR indexes to bind to (same
        syntax as <option>--tpm2-pcrs=</option> described above). If not specified defaults to 11 (i.e. this
        binds the policy to any unified kernel image for which a PCR signature can be provided).</para>

        <para>Note the difference between <option>--tpm2-pcrs=</option> and
        <option>--tpm2-public-key-pcrs=</option>: the former binds decryption to the current, specific PCR
        values; the latter binds decryption to any set of PCR values for which a signature by the specified
        public key can be provided. The latter is hence more useful in scenarios where software updates shell
        be possible without losing access to all previously encrypted LUKS2 volumes. Like with
        <option>--tpm2-pcrs=</option>, names defined in the table above can also be used to specify the
        registers, for instance
        <option>--tpm2-public-key-pcrs=boot-loader-code+system-identity</option>.</para>

        <para>The <option>--tpm2-signature=</option> option takes a path to a TPM2 PCR signature file as
        generated by the
        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-measure</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
        tool. If this is not specified explicitly, a suitable signature file
        <filename>tpm2-pcr-signature.json</filename> is searched for in <filename>/etc/systemd/</filename>,
        <filename>/run/systemd/</filename>, <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/</filename> (in this order) and used.
        If a signature file is specified or found it is used to verify if the volume can be unlocked with it
        given the current PCR state, before the new slot is written to disk. This is intended as safety net
        to ensure that access to a volume is not lost if a public key is enrolled for which no valid
        signature for the current PCR state is available. If the supplied signature does not unlock the
        current PCR state and public key combination, no slot is enrolled and the operation will fail. If no
        signature file is specified or found no such safety verification is done.</para></listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term><option>--wipe-slot=</option><arg rep="repeat">SLOT</arg></term>

        <listitem><para>Wipes one or more LUKS2 key slots. Takes a comma separated list of numeric slot
        indexes, or the special strings <literal>all</literal> (for wiping all key slots),
        <literal>empty</literal> (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by an empty passphrase),
        <literal>password</literal> (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by a traditional passphrase),
        <literal>recovery</literal> (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by a recovery key),
        <literal>pkcs11</literal> (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by a PKCS#11 token),
        <literal>fido2</literal> (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by a FIDO2 token),
        <literal>tpm2</literal> (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by a TPM2 chip), or any
        combination of these strings or numeric indexes, in which case all slots matching either are
        wiped. As safety precaution an operation that wipes all slots without exception (so that the volume
        cannot be unlocked at all anymore, unless the volume key is known) is refused.</para>

        <para>This switch may be used alone, in which case only the requested wipe operation is executed. It
        may also be used in combination with any of the enrollment options listed above, in which case the
        enrollment is completed first, and only when successful the wipe operation executed — and the newly
        added slot is always excluded from the wiping. Combining enrollment and slot wiping may thus be used to
        update existing enrollments:</para>

        <programlisting>systemd-cryptenroll /dev/sda1 --wipe-slot=tpm2 --tpm2-device=auto</programlisting>

        <para>The above command will enroll the TPM2 chip, and then wipe all previously created TPM2
        enrollments on the LUKS2 volume, leaving only the newly created one. Combining wiping and enrollment
        may also be used to replace enrollments of different types, for example for changing from a PKCS#11
        enrollment to a FIDO2 one:</para>

        <programlisting>systemd-cryptenroll /dev/sda1 --wipe-slot=pkcs11 --fido2-device=auto</programlisting>

        <para>Or for replacing an enrolled empty password by TPM2:</para>

        <programlisting>systemd-cryptenroll /dev/sda1 --wipe-slot=empty --tpm2-device=auto</programlisting>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
    </variablelist>

  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>Exit status</title>

    <para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code otherwise.</para>
  </refsect1>

  <refsect1>
    <title>See Also</title>
    <para>
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-cryptsetup@.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-measure</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
     </para>
  </refsect1>

</refentry>