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diff --git a/specs/ch02.xml b/specs/ch02.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..27a566a --- /dev/null +++ b/specs/ch02.xml @@ -0,0 +1,443 @@ +<chapter id='keyboard_state'> +<title>Keyboard State</title> +<para> +The core protocol description of +keyboard state consists of eight <emphasis> +modifiers</emphasis> +(<emphasis> +Shift</emphasis> +, <emphasis> +Lock</emphasis> +, <emphasis> +Control</emphasis> +, and <emphasis> +Mod1</emphasis> +-<emphasis> +Mod5</emphasis> +). A modifier reports the state of one or modifier keys, which are similar to +qualifier keys as defined by the ISO9995 standard: +</para> + +<variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term>Qualifier key</term> + <listitem> + <para> +A key whose operation +has no immediate effect, but which, for as long as it is held down, modifies +the effect of other keys. A qualifier key may be, for example, a shift key or a +control key. + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> +</variablelist> + +<para> +Whenever a modifier key is physically or logically depressed, the modifier it +controls is set in the keyboard state. The protocol implies that certain +modifier keys lock (i.e. affect modifier state after they have been physically +released) but does not explicitly discuss locking keys or their behavior. The +current modifier state is reported to clients in a number of core protocol +events and can be determined using the <emphasis> +QueryPointer</emphasis> + request. +</para> + +<para> +The XKB extension retains the eight "real" modifiers defined by the core +protocol but extends the core protocol notion of <emphasis> +keyboard state</emphasis> + to include up to four <emphasis> +keysym groups</emphasis> +, as defined by the ISO9995 standard: +</para> + + +<variablelist> + <varlistentry> + <term>Group:</term> + <listitem> + <para> +A logical state of a keyboard providing +access to a collection of characters. A group usually contains a set of +characters which logically belong together and which may be arranged on several +shift levels within that group. + </para> + </listitem> + </varlistentry> +</variablelist> + +<para> +For example, keyboard group can be used to select between multiple alphabets on +a single keyboard, or to access less-commonly used symbols within a character +set. +</para> + +<sect1 id='locking_and_latching_modifiers_and_groups'> +<title>Locking and Latching Modifiers and Groups</title> +<para> +With the core protocol, there is no way to +tell whether a modifier is set due to a lock or because the user is actually +holding down a key; this can make for a clumsy user-interface as locked +modifiers or group state interfere with accelerators and translations. +</para> +<para> +XKB adds explicit support for locking +and latching modifiers and groups. Locked modifiers or groups apply to all +future key events until they are explicitly changed. Latched modifiers or +groups apply only to the next key event that does not change keyboard state. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 id="fundamental_components_of_xkb_keyboard_state"> +<title>Fundamental Components of XKB Keyboard State</title> +<para> +The fundamental components of XKB keyboard state include: +</para> + +<itemizedlist> +<listitem> + <para>The locked modifiers and group</para> +</listitem> +<listitem> + <para>The latched modifiers and group</para> +</listitem> +<listitem> + <para>The base modifiers and group (for which keys are physically or +logically down) + </para> +</listitem> +<listitem> + <para>The effective modifiers and group (the cumulative effect of the base, +locked and latched modifier and group states). + </para> +</listitem> +<listitem> + <para>State of the core pointer buttons.</para> +</listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +The latched and locked state of modifiers and groups can be changed in response +to keyboard activity or under application control using the <emphasis> +XkbLatchLockState</emphasis> + request. The base modifier, base group +and pointer button states always reflect the logical state of the keyboard and +pointer and change <emphasis> +only</emphasis> + in response to keyboard or pointer activity. +</para> + +<sect2 id='computing_effective_modifier_and_group'> +<title>Computing Effective Modifier and Group</title> +<para> +The effective modifiers and group +report the cumulative effects of the base, latched and locked modifiers and +group respectively, and cannot be directly changed. Note that the effective +modifiers and effective group are computed differently. +</para> + +<para> +The effective modifiers are simply the bitwise union of the base, latched and +locked modifiers. +</para> + + +<para> +The effective group is the arithmetic sum of the base, latched and locked +groups. The locked and effective keyboard group must fall in the range +<emphasis> +Group1</emphasis> +-<emphasis> +Group4</emphasis> +, so they are adjusted into range as specified by the global <emphasis> +GroupsWrap </emphasis> +control as follows: +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem> + <para> +If the <emphasis> +RedirectIntoRange</emphasis> + flag is set, the four least significant +bits of the groups wrap control specify the index of a group to which all +illegal groups correspond. If the specified group is also out of range, all +illegal groups map to <emphasis> +Group1</emphasis>. + </para> + </listitem> + <listitem> + <para> +If the <emphasis> +ClampIntoRange</emphasis> + flag is set, out-of-range groups +correspond to the nearest legal group. Effective groups larger than the highest +supported group are mapped to the highest supported group; effective groups +less than <emphasis> +Group1</emphasis> + are mapped to <emphasis> +Group1</emphasis> +. For example, a key with two groups of symbols uses <emphasis> +Group2</emphasis> + type and symbols if the global effective group is either <emphasis> +Group3</emphasis> + or <emphasis> +Group4</emphasis>. + </para> + </listitem> + <listitem> + <para> +If neither flag is set, group is +wrapped into range using integer modulus. For example, a key with two groups of +symbols for which groups wrap uses <emphasis> +Group1</emphasis> + symbols if the global effective group is <emphasis> +Group3</emphasis> + or <emphasis> +Group2</emphasis> + symbols if the global effective group is <emphasis> +Group4</emphasis>. + </para> + </listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +The base and latched keyboard groups are unrestricted eight-bit integer values +and are not affected by the <emphasis> +GroupsWrap</emphasis> + control. +</para> + +</sect2> + +<sect2 id='computing_a_state_field_from_an_xkb_state'> +<title>Computing A State Field from an XKB State</title> +<para> +Many events report the keyboard state +in a single <emphasis> +state</emphasis> + field. Using XKB, a state field combines modifiers, group and the pointer +button state into a single sixteen bit value as follows: +</para> + +<itemizedlist> +<listitem> + <para>Bits 0 through 7 (the least significant eight bits) of the effective +state comprise a mask of type KEYMASK which reports the state modifiers. + </para> +</listitem> +<listitem> + <para>Bits 8 through 12 comprise a mask of type BUTMASK which reports pointer +button state. + </para> +</listitem> +<listitem> + <para>Bits 13 and 14 are interpreted as a two-bit unsigned numeric value and +report the state keyboard group. + </para> +</listitem> +<listitem> + <para>Bit 15 (the most significant bit) is reserved and must be zero. + </para> +</listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +It is possible to assemble a state field from any of the components of the XKB +keyboard state. For example, the effective keyboard state would be assembled as +described above using the effective keyboard group, the effective keyboard +modifiers and the pointer button state. +</para> + +</sect2> +</sect1> + +<sect1 id='derived_components_of_xkb_keyboard_state'> +<title>Derived Components of XKB Keyboard State</title> +<para> +In addition to the fundamental state +components, XKB keeps track of and reports a number of state components which +are derived from the fundamental components but stored and reported separately +to make it easier to track changes in the keyboard state. These derived +components are updated automatically whenever any of the fundamental components +change but cannot be changed directly. +</para> + +<para> +The first pair of derived state components control the way that passive grabs +are activated and the way that modifiers are reported in core protocol events +that report state. The server uses the <emphasis> +ServerInternalModifiers</emphasis> +, <emphasis> +IgnoreLocksModifiers</emphasis> + and <emphasis> +IgnoreGroupLock</emphasis> + controls, described in <ulink url="XKBproto.htm#50332257_45660">See Server +Internal Modifiers and Ignore Locks Behavior</ulink>, to derive these two +states as follows: +</para> + +<itemizedlist> +<listitem> + <para>The lookup state is the state used to determine the symbols associated +with a key event and consists of the effective state minus any server internal +modifiers. + </para> +</listitem> +<listitem> + <para>The grab state is the state used to decide whether a particular event +triggers a passive grab and consists of the lookup state minus any members of +the ignore locks modifiers that are not either latched or logically depressed. +If the ignore group locks control is set, the grab state does not include the +effects of any locked groups. + </para> +</listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<sect2 id='server_internal_modifiers_and_ignore_locks_behavior'> +<title>Server Internal Modifiers and Ignore Locks Behavior</title> +<para> +The core protocol does not provide any +way to exclude certain modifiers from client events, so there is no way to set +up a modifier which affects only the server. +</para> + +<para> +The modifiers specified in the mask of the <emphasis> +InternalMods</emphasis> + control are not reported in any core +protocol events, are not used to determine grabs and are not used to calculate +compatibility state for XKB-unaware clients. Server internal modifiers affect +only the action applied when a key is pressed. +</para> + + +<para> +The core protocol does not provide any way to exclude certain modifiers from +grab calculations, so locking modifiers often have unanticipated and +unfortunate side-effects. XKB provides another mask which can help avoid some +of these problems. +</para> + + +<para> +The locked state of the modifiers specified in mask of the <emphasis> +IgnoreLockMods</emphasis> + control is not reported in most core +protocol events and is not used to activate grabs. The only core events which +include the locked state of the modifiers in the ignore locks mask are key +press and release events that do not activate a passive grab and which do not +occur while a grab is active. If the <emphasis> +IgnoreGroupLock</emphasis> + control is set, the locked state of the +keyboard group is not considered when activating passive grabs. +</para> + + +<para> +Without XKB, the passive grab set by a translation (e.g. <emphasis> +Alt<KeyPress>space</emphasis> +) does not trigger if any modifiers other than those specified by the +translation are set, with the result that many user interface components do not +react when either Num Lock or when the secondary keyboard group are active. The +ignore locks mask and the ignore group locks control make it possible to avoid +this behavior without exhaustively grabbing every possible modifier combination. +</para> + + +</sect2> +</sect1> +<sect1 id='compatibility_components_of_keyboard_state'> +<title>Compatibility Components of Keyboard State</title> +<para> +The core protocol interpretation of +keyboard modifiers does not include direct support for multiple groups, so XKB +reports the effective keyboard group to XKB-aware clients using some of the +reserved bits in the state field of some core protocol events, as described in +<ulink url="XKBproto.htm#50332257_90933">See Computing A State Field from an +XKB State</ulink>. +</para> + +<para> +This modified state field would not be interpreted correctly by XKB-unaware +clients, so XKB provides a <emphasis> +group compatibility mapping</emphasis> +(see <ulink +url="XKBproto.htm#50332257_40656">See Group Compatibility Map</ulink>) which +remaps the keyboard group into a core modifier mask that has similar effects, +when possible. XKB maintains three compatibility state components that are used +to make non-XKB clients work as well as possible: +</para> + +<itemizedlist> + <listitem> + <para> +The <emphasis> +compatibility state</emphasis> + corresponds to the effective modifier +and effective group state. + </para> + </listitem> + <listitem> + <para> +The <emphasis> +compatibility lookup state</emphasis> + is the core-protocol equivalent of the +lookup state. + </para> + </listitem> + <listitem> + <para> +The <emphasis> +compatibility grab state</emphasis> + is the nearest core-protocol equivalent +of the grab state. + </para> + </listitem> +</itemizedlist> + +<para> +Compatibility states are essentially the corresponding XKB state, but with +keyboard group possibly encoded as one or more modifiers; <ulink +url="XKBproto.htm#50332257_40656">See Group Compatibility Map</ulink> describes +the group compatibility map, which specifies the modifier(s) that correspond to +each keyboard group. +</para> + + +<para> +The compatibility state reported to XKB-unaware + clients for any given core protocol event +is computed from the modifier state that XKB-capable clients would see for that +same event. For example, if the ignore group locks control is set and group 2 +is locked, the modifier bound to <emphasis> +Mode_switch</emphasis> + is not reported in any event except (Device)KeyPress and (Device)KeyRelease +events that do not trigger a passive grab. +</para> + +<note> +<para> +Referring to clients as "XKB-capable + is somewhat misleading in this context. +The sample implementation of XKB invisibly extends the X library to use the +keyboard extension if it is present. This means that most clients can take +advantage of all of XKB without modification, but it also means that the XKB +state can be reported to clients that have not explicitly requested the +keyboard extension. Clients that <emphasis> +directly</emphasis> + interpret the state field of core protocol events or that interpret the keymap +directly may be affected by some of the XKB differences; clients that use +library or toolkit routines to interpret keyboard events automatically use all +of the XKB features. +</para> +</note> + +<para> +XKB-aware clients can query the keyboard state at any time or request immediate +notification of a change to any of the fundamental or derived components of the +keyboard state. +</para> +</sect1> +</chapter> |