Copy ctypes-0.9.9.4 Python modules from external into the trunk.

59 files changed, 5941 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/.CTYPES_DEVEL b/Lib/ctypes/.CTYPES_DEVEL
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7f3d463c0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/.CTYPES_DEVEL
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# -*- python -*-
+def install():
+    import sys, os
+
+    from distutils.util import get_platform
+    plat_specifier = ".%s-%s" % (get_platform(), sys.version[0:3])
+    build_dir = os.path.join("..", 'build', 'lib' + plat_specifier)
+
+    p = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), build_dir))
+    sys.path.insert(0, p)
+    del sys
+
+install()
+del install
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/.cvsignore b/Lib/ctypes/.cvsignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f36246a6cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/.cvsignore
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+
+*.pyc
+*.pyo
+com
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/__init__.py b/Lib/ctypes/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7cad2edb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,489 @@
+"""create and manipulate C data types in Python"""
+
+# special developer support to use ctypes from the CVS sandbox,
+# without installing it
+import os as _os, sys as _sys
+from itertools import chain as _chain
+
+_magicfile = _os.path.join(_os.path.dirname(__file__), ".CTYPES_DEVEL")
+if _os.path.isfile(_magicfile):
+    execfile(_magicfile)
+del _magicfile
+
+__version__ = "0.9.9.4"
+
+from _ctypes import Union, Structure, Array
+from _ctypes import _Pointer
+from _ctypes import CFuncPtr as _CFuncPtr
+from _ctypes import __version__ as _ctypes_version
+try:
+    from _ctypes import RTLD_LOCAL, RTLD_GLOBAL
+except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+    RTLD_GLOBAL = RTLD_LOCAL = None
+
+from _ctypes import ArgumentError
+
+from struct import calcsize as _calcsize
+
+if __version__ != _ctypes_version:
+    raise Exception, ("Version number mismatch", __version__, _ctypes_version)
+
+if _os.name in ("nt", "ce"):
+    from _ctypes import FormatError
+
+from _ctypes import FUNCFLAG_CDECL as _FUNCFLAG_CDECL, \
+     FUNCFLAG_PYTHONAPI as _FUNCFLAG_PYTHONAPI
+
+from ctypes._loader import LibraryLoader
+
+"""
+WINOLEAPI -> HRESULT
+WINOLEAPI_(type)
+
+STDMETHODCALLTYPE
+
+STDMETHOD(name)
+STDMETHOD_(type, name)
+
+STDAPICALLTYPE
+"""
+
+def create_string_buffer(init, size=None):
+    """create_string_buffer(aString) -> character array
+    create_string_buffer(anInteger) -> character array
+    create_string_buffer(aString, anInteger) -> character array
+    """
+    if isinstance(init, (str, unicode)):
+        if size is None:
+            size = len(init)+1
+        buftype = c_char * size
+        buf = buftype()
+        buf.value = init
+        return buf
+    elif isinstance(init, (int, long)):
+        buftype = c_char * init
+        buf = buftype()
+        return buf
+    raise TypeError, init
+
+def c_buffer(init, size=None):
+##    "deprecated, use create_string_buffer instead"
+##    import warnings
+##    warnings.warn("c_buffer is deprecated, use create_string_buffer instead",
+##                  DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+    return create_string_buffer(init, size)
+
+_c_functype_cache = {}
+def CFUNCTYPE(restype, *argtypes):
+    """CFUNCTYPE(restype, *argtypes) -> function prototype.
+    
+    restype: the result type
+    argtypes: a sequence specifying the argument types
+    
+    The function prototype can be called in three ways to create a
+    callable object:
+    
+    prototype(funct) - returns a C callable function calling funct
+    prototype(vtbl_index, method_name[, paramflags]) - a Python callable that calls a COM method
+    prototype(funct_name, dll[, paramflags]) - a Python callable that calls an exported function in a dll
+    """
+    try:
+        return _c_functype_cache[(restype, argtypes)]
+    except KeyError:
+        class CFunctionType(_CFuncPtr):
+            _argtypes_ = argtypes
+            _restype_ = restype
+            _flags_ = _FUNCFLAG_CDECL
+        _c_functype_cache[(restype, argtypes)] = CFunctionType
+        return CFunctionType
+
+if _os.name in ("nt", "ce"):
+    from _ctypes import LoadLibrary as _dlopen
+    from _ctypes import FUNCFLAG_STDCALL as _FUNCFLAG_STDCALL
+    if _os.name == "ce":
+        # 'ce' doesn't have the stdcall calling convention
+        _FUNCFLAG_STDCALL = _FUNCFLAG_CDECL
+
+    _win_functype_cache = {}
+    def WINFUNCTYPE(restype, *argtypes):
+        # docstring set later (very similar to CFUNCTYPE.__doc__)
+        try:
+            return _win_functype_cache[(restype, argtypes)]
+        except KeyError:
+            class WinFunctionType(_CFuncPtr):
+                _argtypes_ = argtypes
+                _restype_ = restype
+                _flags_ = _FUNCFLAG_STDCALL
+            _win_functype_cache[(restype, argtypes)] = WinFunctionType
+            return WinFunctionType
+    if WINFUNCTYPE.__doc__:
+        WINFUNCTYPE.__doc__ = CFUNCTYPE.__doc__.replace("CFUNCTYPE", "WINFUNCTYPE")
+
+elif _os.name == "posix":
+    from _ctypes import dlopen as _dlopen
+
+from _ctypes import sizeof, byref, addressof, alignment
+from _ctypes import _SimpleCData
+
+class py_object(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "O"
+
+class c_short(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "h"
+
+class c_ushort(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "H"
+
+class c_long(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "l"
+
+class c_ulong(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "L"
+    
+if _calcsize("i") == _calcsize("l"):
+    # if int and long have the same size, make c_int an alias for c_long
+    c_int = c_long
+    c_uint = c_ulong
+else:
+    class c_int(_SimpleCData):
+        _type_ = "i"
+
+    class c_uint(_SimpleCData):
+        _type_ = "I"
+
+class c_float(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "f"
+    
+class c_double(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "d"
+
+if _calcsize("l") == _calcsize("q"):
+    # if long and long long have the same size, make c_longlong an alias for c_long
+    c_longlong = c_long
+    c_ulonglong = c_ulong
+else:
+    class c_longlong(_SimpleCData):
+        _type_ = "q"
+
+    class c_ulonglong(_SimpleCData):
+        _type_ = "Q"
+    ##    def from_param(cls, val):
+    ##        return ('d', float(val), val)
+    ##    from_param = classmethod(from_param)
+
+class c_ubyte(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "B"
+c_ubyte.__ctype_le__ = c_ubyte.__ctype_be__ = c_ubyte
+# backward compatibility:
+##c_uchar = c_ubyte
+
+class c_byte(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "b"
+c_byte.__ctype_le__ = c_byte.__ctype_be__ = c_byte
+
+class c_char(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "c"
+c_char.__ctype_le__ = c_char.__ctype_be__ = c_char
+
+class c_char_p(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "z"
+
+class c_void_p(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "P"
+c_voidp = c_void_p # backwards compatibility (to a bug)
+
+# This cache maps types to pointers to them.
+_pointer_type_cache = {}
+
+def POINTER(cls):
+    try:
+        return _pointer_type_cache[cls]
+    except KeyError:
+        pass
+    if type(cls) is str:
+        klass = type(_Pointer)("LP_%s" % cls,
+                               (_Pointer,),
+                               {})
+        _pointer_type_cache[id(klass)] = klass
+        return klass
+    else:
+        name = "LP_%s" % cls.__name__
+        klass = type(_Pointer)(name,
+                               (_Pointer,),
+                               {'_type_': cls})
+        _pointer_type_cache[cls] = klass
+    return klass
+
+try:
+    from _ctypes import set_conversion_mode
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+else:
+    if _os.name in ("nt", "ce"):
+        set_conversion_mode("mbcs", "ignore")
+    else:
+        set_conversion_mode("ascii", "strict")
+
+    class c_wchar_p(_SimpleCData):
+        _type_ = "Z"
+
+    class c_wchar(_SimpleCData):
+        _type_ = "u"
+
+    POINTER(c_wchar).from_param = c_wchar_p.from_param #_SimpleCData.c_wchar_p_from_param
+
+    def create_unicode_buffer(init, size=None):
+        """create_unicode_buffer(aString) -> character array
+        create_unicode_buffer(anInteger) -> character array
+        create_unicode_buffer(aString, anInteger) -> character array
+        """
+        if isinstance(init, (str, unicode)):
+            if size is None:
+                size = len(init)+1
+            buftype = c_wchar * size
+            buf = buftype()
+            buf.value = init
+            return buf
+        elif isinstance(init, (int, long)):
+            buftype = c_wchar * init
+            buf = buftype()
+            return buf
+        raise TypeError, init
+
+POINTER(c_char).from_param = c_char_p.from_param #_SimpleCData.c_char_p_from_param
+
+# XXX Deprecated
+def SetPointerType(pointer, cls):
+    if _pointer_type_cache.get(cls, None) is not None:
+        raise RuntimeError, \
+              "This type already exists in the cache"
+    if not _pointer_type_cache.has_key(id(pointer)):
+        raise RuntimeError, \
+              "What's this???"
+    pointer.set_type(cls)
+    _pointer_type_cache[cls] = pointer
+    del _pointer_type_cache[id(pointer)]
+
+
+def pointer(inst):
+    return POINTER(type(inst))(inst)
+
+# XXX Deprecated
+def ARRAY(typ, len):
+    return typ * len
+
+################################################################
+
+
+class CDLL(object):
+    """An instance of this class represents a loaded dll/shared
+    library, exporting functions using the standard C calling
+    convention (named 'cdecl' on Windows).
+
+    The exported functions can be accessed as attributes, or by
+    indexing with the function name.  Examples:
+
+    <obj>.qsort -> callable object
+    <obj>['qsort'] -> callable object
+
+    Calling the functions releases the Python GIL during the call and
+    reaquires it afterwards.
+    """
+    class _FuncPtr(_CFuncPtr):
+        _flags_ = _FUNCFLAG_CDECL
+        _restype_ = c_int # default, can be overridden in instances
+
+    def __init__(self, name, mode=RTLD_LOCAL, handle=None):
+        self._name = name
+        if handle is None:
+            self._handle = _dlopen(self._name, mode)
+        else:
+            self._handle = handle
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<%s '%s', handle %x at %x>" % \
+               (self.__class__.__name__, self._name,
+                (self._handle & (_sys.maxint*2 + 1)),
+                id(self))
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        if name.startswith('__') and name.endswith('__'):
+            raise AttributeError, name
+        return self.__getitem__(name)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        func = self._FuncPtr(name, self)
+        func.__name__ = name
+        setattr(self, name, func)
+        return func
+
+class PyDLL(CDLL):
+    """This class represents the Python library itself.  It allows to
+    access Python API functions.  The GIL is not released, and
+    Python exceptions are handled correctly.
+    """
+    class _FuncPtr(_CFuncPtr):
+        _flags_ = _FUNCFLAG_CDECL | _FUNCFLAG_PYTHONAPI
+        _restype_ = c_int # default, can be overridden in instances
+
+if _os.name in ("nt", "ce"):
+        
+    class WinDLL(CDLL):
+        """This class represents a dll exporting functions using the
+        Windows stdcall calling convention.
+        """
+        class _FuncPtr(_CFuncPtr):
+            _flags_ = _FUNCFLAG_STDCALL
+            _restype_ = c_int # default, can be overridden in instances
+
+    # XXX Hm, what about HRESULT as normal parameter?
+    # Mustn't it derive from c_long then?
+    from _ctypes import _check_HRESULT, _SimpleCData
+    class HRESULT(_SimpleCData):
+        _type_ = "l"
+        # _check_retval_ is called with the function's result when it
+        # is used as restype.  It checks for the FAILED bit, and
+        # raises a WindowsError if it is set.
+        #
+        # The _check_retval_ method is implemented in C, so that the
+        # method definition itself is not included in the traceback
+        # when it raises an error - that is what we want (and Python
+        # doesn't have a way to raise an exception in the caller's
+        # frame).
+        _check_retval_ = _check_HRESULT
+        
+    class OleDLL(CDLL):
+        """This class represents a dll exporting functions using the
+        Windows stdcall calling convention, and returning HRESULT.
+        HRESULT error values are automatically raised as WindowsError
+        exceptions.
+        """
+        class _FuncPtr(_CFuncPtr):
+            _flags_ = _FUNCFLAG_STDCALL
+            _restype_ = HRESULT
+
+cdll = LibraryLoader(CDLL)
+pydll = LibraryLoader(PyDLL)
+
+if _os.name in ("nt", "ce"):
+    pythonapi = PyDLL("python dll", None, _sys.dllhandle)
+elif _sys.platform == "cygwin":
+    pythonapi = PyDLL("libpython%d.%d.dll" % _sys.version_info[:2])
+else:
+    pythonapi = PyDLL(None)
+
+
+if _os.name in ("nt", "ce"):
+    windll = LibraryLoader(WinDLL)
+    oledll = LibraryLoader(OleDLL)
+
+    if _os.name == "nt":
+        GetLastError = windll.kernel32.GetLastError
+    else:
+        GetLastError = windll.coredll.GetLastError
+
+    def WinError(code=None, descr=None):
+        if code is None:
+            code = GetLastError()
+        if descr is None:
+            descr = FormatError(code).strip()
+        return WindowsError(code, descr)
+
+_pointer_type_cache[None] = c_void_p
+
+# functions
+
+from _ctypes import _memmove_addr, _memset_addr, _string_at_addr, cast
+
+if sizeof(c_uint) == sizeof(c_void_p):
+    c_size_t = c_uint
+elif sizeof(c_ulong) == sizeof(c_void_p):
+    c_size_t = c_ulong
+
+## void *memmove(void *, const void *, size_t);
+memmove = CFUNCTYPE(c_void_p, c_void_p, c_void_p, c_size_t)(_memmove_addr)
+
+## void *memset(void *, int, size_t)
+memset = CFUNCTYPE(c_void_p, c_void_p, c_int, c_size_t)(_memset_addr)
+
+_string_at = CFUNCTYPE(py_object, c_void_p, c_int)(_string_at_addr)
+def string_at(ptr, size=0):
+    """string_at(addr[, size]) -> string
+
+    Return the string at addr."""
+    return _string_at(ptr, size)
+
+try:
+    from _ctypes import _wstring_at_addr
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+else:
+    _wstring_at = CFUNCTYPE(py_object, c_void_p, c_int)(_wstring_at_addr)
+    def wstring_at(ptr, size=0):
+        """wstring_at(addr[, size]) -> string
+
+        Return the string at addr."""
+        return _wstring_at(ptr, size)
+    
+
+if _os.name == "nt": # COM stuff
+    def DllGetClassObject(rclsid, riid, ppv):
+        # First ask ctypes.com.server than comtypes.server for the
+        # class object.
+
+        # trick py2exe by doing dynamic imports
+        result = -2147221231 # CLASS_E_CLASSNOTAVAILABLE
+        try:
+            ctcom = __import__("ctypes.com.server", globals(), locals(), ['*'])
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            result = ctcom.DllGetClassObject(rclsid, riid, ppv)
+
+        if result == -2147221231: # CLASS_E_CLASSNOTAVAILABLE
+            try:
+                ccom = __import__("comtypes.server", globals(), locals(), ['*'])
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                result = ccom.DllGetClassObject(rclsid, riid, ppv)
+
+        return result
+
+    def DllCanUnloadNow():
+        # First ask ctypes.com.server than comtypes.server if we can unload or not.
+        # trick py2exe by doing dynamic imports
+        result = 0 # S_OK
+        try:
+            ctcom = __import__("ctypes.com.server", globals(), locals(), ['*'])
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            result = ctcom.DllCanUnloadNow()
+            if result != 0: # != S_OK
+                return result
+
+        try:
+            ccom = __import__("comtypes.server", globals(), locals(), ['*'])
+        except ImportError:
+            return result
+        try:
+            return ccom.DllCanUnloadNow()
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        return result
+
+from ctypes._endian import BigEndianStructure, LittleEndianStructure
+
+# Fill in specifically-sized types
+c_int8 = c_byte
+c_uint8 = c_ubyte
+for kind in [c_short, c_int, c_long, c_longlong]:
+    if sizeof(kind) == 2: c_int16 = kind
+    elif sizeof(kind) == 4: c_int32 = kind
+    elif sizeof(kind) == 8: c_int64 = kind
+for kind in [c_ushort, c_uint, c_ulong, c_ulonglong]:
+    if sizeof(kind) == 2: c_uint16 = kind
+    elif sizeof(kind) == 4: c_uint32 = kind
+    elif sizeof(kind) == 8: c_uint64 = kind
+del(kind)
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/_endian.py b/Lib/ctypes/_endian.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c394b6026
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/_endian.py
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import sys
+from ctypes import *
+
+_array_type = type(c_int * 3)
+
+def _other_endian(typ):
+    """Return the type with the 'other' byte order.  Simple types like
+    c_int and so on already have __ctype_be__ and __ctype_le__
+    attributes which contain the types, for more complicated types
+    only arrays are supported.
+    """
+    try:
+        return getattr(typ, _OTHER_ENDIAN)
+    except AttributeError:
+        if type(typ) == _array_type:
+            return _other_endian(typ._type_) * typ._length_
+        raise TypeError("This type does not support other endian: %s" % typ)
+
+class _swapped_meta(type(Structure)):
+    def __setattr__(self, attrname, value):
+        if attrname == "_fields_":
+            fields = []
+            for desc in value:
+                name = desc[0]
+                typ = desc[1]
+                rest = desc[2:]
+                fields.append((name, _other_endian(typ)) + rest)
+            value = fields
+        super(_swapped_meta, self).__setattr__(attrname, value)
+
+################################################################
+
+# Note: The Structure metaclass checks for the *presence* (not the
+# value!) of a _swapped_bytes_ attribute to determine the bit order in
+# structures containing bit fields.
+
+if sys.byteorder == "little":
+    _OTHER_ENDIAN = "__ctype_be__"
+
+    LittleEndianStructure = Structure
+
+    class BigEndianStructure(Structure):
+        """Structure with big endian byte order"""
+        __metaclass__ = _swapped_meta
+        _swappedbytes_ = None
+
+elif sys.byteorder == "big":
+    _OTHER_ENDIAN = "__ctype_le__"
+
+    BigEndianStructure = Structure
+    class LittleEndianStructure(Structure):
+        """Structure with little endian byte order"""
+        __metaclass__ = _swapped_meta
+        _swappedbytes_ = None
+
+else:
+    raise RuntimeError("Invalid byteorder")
+
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/_loader.py b/Lib/ctypes/_loader.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..55eec8eb34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/_loader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+# WORK IN PROGRESS!  DO NOT (yet) USE!
+import sys, os
+import ctypes
+
+__all__ = ["LibraryLoader", "RTLD_LOCAL", "RTLD_GLOBAL"]
+
+if os.name in ("nt", "ce"):
+    from _ctypes import LoadLibrary as dlopen
+    RTLD_LOCAL = RTLD_GLOBAL = None
+else:
+    from _ctypes import dlopen, RTLD_LOCAL, RTLD_GLOBAL
+
+# _findLib(name) returns an iterable of possible names for a library.
+if os.name in ("nt", "ce"):
+    def _findLib(name):
+        return [name]
+
+if os.name == "posix" and sys.platform == "darwin":
+    from ctypes.macholib.dyld import dyld_find as _dyld_find
+    def _findLib(name):
+        possible = ['lib%s.dylib' % name,
+                    '%s.dylib' % name,
+                    '%s.framework/%s' % (name, name)]
+        for name in possible:
+            try:
+                return [_dyld_find(name)]
+            except ValueError:
+                continue
+        return []
+
+elif os.name == "posix":
+    # Andreas Degert's find functions, using gcc, /sbin/ldconfig, objdump
+    import re, tempfile
+
+    def _findLib_gcc(name):
+        expr = '[^\(\)\s]*lib%s\.[^\(\)\s]*' % name
+        cmd = 'if type gcc &>/dev/null; then CC=gcc; else CC=cc; fi;' \
+              '$CC -Wl,-t -o /dev/null 2>&1 -l' + name
+        try:
+            fdout, outfile =  tempfile.mkstemp()
+            fd = os.popen(cmd)
+            trace = fd.read()
+            err = fd.close()
+        finally:
+            try:
+                os.unlink(outfile)
+            except OSError, e:
+                if e.errno != errno.ENOENT:
+                    raise
+        res = re.search(expr, trace)
+        if not res:
+            return None
+        return res.group(0)
+
+    def _findLib_ld(name):
+        expr = '/[^\(\)\s]*lib%s\.[^\(\)\s]*' % name
+        res = re.search(expr, os.popen('/sbin/ldconfig -p 2>/dev/null').read())
+        if not res:
+            return None
+        return res.group(0)
+
+    def _get_soname(f):
+        cmd = "objdump -p -j .dynamic 2>/dev/null " + f
+        res = re.search(r'\sSONAME\s+([^\s]+)', os.popen(cmd).read())
+        if not res:
+            return f
+        return res.group(1)
+
+    def _findLib(name):
+        lib = _findLib_ld(name)
+        if not lib:
+            lib = _findLib_gcc(name)
+            if not lib:
+                return [name]
+        return [_get_soname(lib)]
+
+class LibraryLoader(object):
+    """Loader for shared libraries.
+
+    Shared libraries are accessed when compiling/linking a program,
+    and when the program is run.  The purpose of the 'find' method is
+    to locate a library similar to what the compiler does (on machines
+    with several versions of a shared library the most recent should
+    be loaded), while 'load' acts like when the program is run, and
+    uses the runtime loader directly.  'load_version' works like
+    'load' but tries to be platform independend (for cases where this
+    makes sense).  Loading via attribute access is a shorthand
+    notation especially useful for interactive use."""
+
+
+    def __init__(self, dlltype, mode=RTLD_LOCAL):
+        """Create a library loader instance which loads libraries by
+        creating an instance of 'dlltype'.  'mode' can be RTLD_LOCAL
+        or RTLD_GLOBAL, it is ignored on Windows.
+        """
+        self._dlltype = dlltype
+        self._mode = mode
+
+    def load(self, libname, mode=None):
+        """Load and return the library with the given libname.  On
+        most systems 'libname' is the filename of the shared library;
+        when it's not a pathname it will be searched in a system
+        dependend list of locations (on many systems additional search
+        paths can be specified by an environment variable).  Sometimes
+        the extension (like '.dll' on Windows) can be omitted.
+
+        'mode' allows to override the default flags specified in the
+        constructor, it is ignored on Windows.
+        """
+        if mode is None:
+            mode = self._mode
+        return self._load(libname, mode)
+
+    def load_library(self, libname, mode=None):
+        """Load and return the library with the given libname.  This
+        method passes the specified 'libname' directly to the
+        platform's library loading function (dlopen, or LoadLibrary).
+
+        'mode' allows to override the default flags specified in the
+        constructor, it is ignored on Windows.
+        """
+        if mode is None:
+            mode = self._mode
+        return self._dlltype(libname, mode)
+
+    # alias name for backwards compatiblity
+    LoadLibrary = load_library
+
+    # Helpers for load and load_version - assembles a filename from name and filename
+    if os.name in ("nt", "ce"):
+        # Windows (XXX what about cygwin?)
+        def _plat_load_version(self, name, version, mode):
+            # not sure if this makes sense
+            if version is not None:
+                return self.load(name + version, mode)
+            return self.load(name, mode)
+
+        _load = load_library
+
+    elif os.name == "posix" and sys.platform == "darwin":
+        # Mac OS X
+        def _plat_load_version(self, name, version, mode):
+            if version:
+                return self.load("lib%s.%s.dylib" % (name, version), mode)
+            return self.load("lib%s.dylib" % name, mode)
+
+        def _load(self, libname, mode):
+            # _dyld_find raises ValueError, convert this into OSError
+            try:
+                pathname = _dyld_find(libname)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise OSError("Library %s could not be found" % libname)
+            return self.load_library(pathname, mode)
+            
+    elif os.name == "posix":
+        # Posix
+        def _plat_load_version(self, name, version, mode):
+            if version:
+                return self.load("lib%s.so.%s" % (name, version), mode)
+            return self.load("lib%s.so" % name, mode)
+
+        _load = load_library
+
+    else:
+        # Others, TBD
+        def _plat_load_version(self, name, version, mode=None):
+            return self.load(name, mode)
+
+        _load = load_library
+
+    def load_version(self, name, version=None, mode=None):
+        """Build a (system dependend) filename from 'name' and
+        'version', then load and return it.  'name' is the library
+        name without any prefix like 'lib' and suffix like '.so' or
+        '.dylib'.  This method should be used if a library is
+        available on different platforms, using the particular naming
+        convention of each platform.
+
+        'mode' allows to override the default flags specified in the
+        constructor, it is ignored on Windows.
+        """
+        return self._plat_load_version(name, version, mode)
+
+    def find(self, name, mode=None):
+        """Try to find a library, load and return it.  'name' is the
+        library name without any prefix like 'lib', suffix like '.so',
+        '.dylib' or version number (this is the form used for the
+        posix linker option '-l').
+
+        'mode' allows to override the default flags specified in the
+        constructor, it is ignored on Windows.
+
+        On windows, this method does the same as the 'load' method.
+
+        On other platforms, this function might call other programs
+        like the compiler to find the library.  When using ctypes to
+        write a shared library wrapping, consider using .load() or
+        .load_version() instead.
+        """
+        for libname in _findLib(name):
+            try:
+                return self.load(libname, mode)
+            except OSError:
+                continue
+        raise OSError("Library %r not found" % name)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        """Load a library via attribute access.  Calls
+        .load_version().  The result is cached."""
+        if name.startswith("_"):
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+        dll = self.load_version(name)
+        setattr(self, name, dll)
+        return dll
+
+################################################################
+# test code
+
+class CDLL(object):
+    def __init__(self, name, mode):
+        self._handle = dlopen(name, mode)
+        self._name = name
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<%s '%s', handle %x at %x>" % \
+               (self.__class__.__name__, self._name,
+                (self._handle & (sys.maxint*2 + 1)),
+                id(self))
+
+cdll = LibraryLoader(CDLL)
+
+def test():
+    if os.name == "nt":
+        print cdll.msvcrt
+        print cdll.load("msvcrt")
+        # load_version looks more like an artefact:
+        print cdll.load_version("msvcr", "t")
+        print cdll.find("msvcrt")
+
+    if os.name == "posix":
+        # find and load_version
+        print cdll.find("m")
+        print cdll.find("c")
+        print cdll.load_version("crypto", "0.9.7")
+
+        # getattr
+        print cdll.m
+        print cdll.bz2
+
+        # load
+        if sys.platform == "darwin":
+            print cdll.load("libm.dylib")
+            print cdll.load("libcrypto.dylib")
+            print cdll.load("libSystem.dylib")
+            print cdll.load("System.framework/System")
+        else:
+            print cdll.load("libm.so")
+            print cdll.load("libcrypt.so")
+            print cdll.find("crypt")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    test()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/macholib/.cvsignore b/Lib/ctypes/macholib/.cvsignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..01c048605c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/macholib/.cvsignore
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+*.pyc
+*.pyo
+.svn
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/macholib/README.ctypes b/Lib/ctypes/macholib/README.ctypes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4e10cbe411
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/macholib/README.ctypes
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Files in this directory from from Bob Ippolito's py2app.
+
+License: Any components of the py2app suite may be distributed under
+the MIT or PSF open source licenses.
+
+This is version 1.0, SVN revision 789, from 2006/01/25.
+The main repository is http://svn.red-bean.com/bob/macholib/trunk/macholib/
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/macholib/__init__.py b/Lib/ctypes/macholib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5621defccd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/macholib/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+"""
+Enough Mach-O to make your head spin.
+
+See the relevant header files in /usr/include/mach-o
+
+And also Apple's documentation.
+"""
+
+__version__ = '1.0'
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/macholib/dyld.py b/Lib/ctypes/macholib/dyld.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a336fd085f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/macholib/dyld.py
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+"""
+dyld emulation
+"""
+
+import os
+from framework import framework_info
+from dylib import dylib_info
+from itertools import *
+
+__all__ = [
+    'dyld_find', 'framework_find',
+    'framework_info', 'dylib_info',
+]
+
+# These are the defaults as per man dyld(1)
+#
+DEFAULT_FRAMEWORK_FALLBACK = [
+    os.path.expanduser("~/Library/Frameworks"),
+    "/Library/Frameworks",
+    "/Network/Library/Frameworks",
+    "/System/Library/Frameworks",
+]
+
+DEFAULT_LIBRARY_FALLBACK = [
+    os.path.expanduser("~/lib"),
+    "/usr/local/lib",
+    "/lib",
+    "/usr/lib",
+]
+
+def ensure_utf8(s):
+    """Not all of PyObjC and Python understand unicode paths very well yet"""
+    if isinstance(s, unicode):
+        return s.encode('utf8')
+    return s
+
+def dyld_env(env, var):
+    if env is None:
+        env = os.environ
+    rval = env.get(var)
+    if rval is None:
+        return []
+    return rval.split(':')
+
+def dyld_image_suffix(env=None):
+    if env is None:
+        env = os.environ
+    return env.get('DYLD_IMAGE_SUFFIX')
+
+def dyld_framework_path(env=None):
+    return dyld_env(env, 'DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH')
+
+def dyld_library_path(env=None):
+    return dyld_env(env, 'DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH')
+
+def dyld_fallback_framework_path(env=None):
+    return dyld_env(env, 'DYLD_FALLBACK_FRAMEWORK_PATH')
+
+def dyld_fallback_library_path(env=None):
+    return dyld_env(env, 'DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH')
+
+def dyld_image_suffix_search(iterator, env=None):
+    """For a potential path iterator, add DYLD_IMAGE_SUFFIX semantics"""
+    suffix = dyld_image_suffix(env)
+    if suffix is None:
+        return iterator
+    def _inject(iterator=iterator, suffix=suffix):
+        for path in iterator:
+            if path.endswith('.dylib'):
+                yield path[:-len('.dylib')] + suffix + '.dylib'
+            else:
+                yield path + suffix
+            yield path
+    return _inject()
+
+def dyld_override_search(name, env=None):
+    # If DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH is set and this dylib_name is a
+    # framework name, use the first file that exists in the framework
+    # path if any.  If there is none go on to search the DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH
+    # if any.
+
+    framework = framework_info(name)
+
+    if framework is not None:
+        for path in dyld_framework_path(env):
+            yield os.path.join(path, framework['name'])
+
+    # If DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH is set then use the first file that exists
+    # in the path.  If none use the original name.
+    for path in dyld_library_path(env):
+        yield os.path.join(path, os.path.basename(name))
+
+def dyld_executable_path_search(name, executable_path=None):
+    # If we haven't done any searching and found a library and the
+    # dylib_name starts with "@executable_path/" then construct the
+    # library name.
+    if name.startswith('@executable_path/') and executable_path is not None:
+        yield os.path.join(executable_path, name[len('@executable_path/'):])
+
+def dyld_default_search(name, env=None):
+    yield name
+
+    framework = framework_info(name)
+
+    if framework is not None:
+        fallback_framework_path = dyld_fallback_framework_path(env)
+        for path in fallback_framework_path:
+            yield os.path.join(path, framework['name'])
+
+    fallback_library_path = dyld_fallback_library_path(env)
+    for path in fallback_library_path:
+        yield os.path.join(path, os.path.basename(name))
+
+    if framework is not None and not fallback_framework_path:
+        for path in DEFAULT_FRAMEWORK_FALLBACK:
+            yield os.path.join(path, framework['name'])
+
+    if not fallback_library_path:
+        for path in DEFAULT_LIBRARY_FALLBACK:
+            yield os.path.join(path, os.path.basename(name))
+
+def dyld_find(name, executable_path=None, env=None):
+    """
+    Find a library or framework using dyld semantics
+    """
+    name = ensure_utf8(name)
+    executable_path = ensure_utf8(executable_path)
+    for path in dyld_image_suffix_search(chain(
+                dyld_override_search(name, env),
+                dyld_executable_path_search(name, executable_path),
+                dyld_default_search(name, env),
+            ), env):
+        if os.path.isfile(path):
+            return path
+    raise ValueError, "dylib %s could not be found" % (name,)
+
+def framework_find(fn, executable_path=None, env=None):
+    """
+    Find a framework using dyld semantics in a very loose manner.
+
+    Will take input such as:
+        Python
+        Python.framework
+        Python.framework/Versions/Current
+    """
+    try:
+        return dyld_find(fn, executable_path=executable_path, env=env)
+    except ValueError, e:
+        pass
+    fmwk_index = fn.rfind('.framework')
+    if fmwk_index == -1:
+        fmwk_index = len(fn)
+        fn += '.framework'
+    fn = os.path.join(fn, os.path.basename(fn[:fmwk_index]))
+    try:
+        return dyld_find(fn, executable_path=executable_path, env=env)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise e
+
+def test_dyld_find():
+    env = {}
+    assert dyld_find('libSystem.dylib') == '/usr/lib/libSystem.dylib'
+    assert dyld_find('System.framework/System') == '/System/Library/Frameworks/System.framework/System'
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    test_dyld_find()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/macholib/dylib.py b/Lib/ctypes/macholib/dylib.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aa107507bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/macholib/dylib.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+"""
+Generic dylib path manipulation
+"""
+
+import re
+
+__all__ = ['dylib_info']
+
+DYLIB_RE = re.compile(r"""(?x)
+(?P<location>^.*)(?:^|/)
+(?P<name>
+    (?P<shortname>\w+?)
+    (?:\.(?P<version>[^._]+))?
+    (?:_(?P<suffix>[^._]+))?
+    \.dylib$
+)
+""")
+
+def dylib_info(filename):
+    """
+    A dylib name can take one of the following four forms:
+        Location/Name.SomeVersion_Suffix.dylib
+        Location/Name.SomeVersion.dylib
+        Location/Name_Suffix.dylib
+        Location/Name.dylib
+
+    returns None if not found or a mapping equivalent to:
+        dict(
+            location='Location',
+            name='Name.SomeVersion_Suffix.dylib',
+            shortname='Name',
+            version='SomeVersion',
+            suffix='Suffix',
+        )
+
+    Note that SomeVersion and Suffix are optional and may be None
+    if not present.
+    """
+    is_dylib = DYLIB_RE.match(filename)
+    if not is_dylib:
+        return None
+    return is_dylib.groupdict()
+
+
+def test_dylib_info():
+    def d(location=None, name=None, shortname=None, version=None, suffix=None):
+        return dict(
+            location=location,
+            name=name,
+            shortname=shortname,
+            version=version,
+            suffix=suffix
+        )
+    assert dylib_info('completely/invalid') is None
+    assert dylib_info('completely/invalide_debug') is None
+    assert dylib_info('P/Foo.dylib') == d('P', 'Foo.dylib', 'Foo')
+    assert dylib_info('P/Foo_debug.dylib') == d('P', 'Foo_debug.dylib', 'Foo', suffix='debug')
+    assert dylib_info('P/Foo.A.dylib') == d('P', 'Foo.A.dylib', 'Foo', 'A')
+    assert dylib_info('P/Foo_debug.A.dylib') == d('P', 'Foo_debug.A.dylib', 'Foo_debug', 'A')
+    assert dylib_info('P/Foo.A_debug.dylib') == d('P', 'Foo.A_debug.dylib', 'Foo', 'A', 'debug')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    test_dylib_info()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/macholib/fetch_macholib b/Lib/ctypes/macholib/fetch_macholib
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..e6d6a22659
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/macholib/fetch_macholib
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+svn export --force http://svn.red-bean.com/bob/macholib/trunk/macholib/ .
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/macholib/fetch_macholib.bat b/Lib/ctypes/macholib/fetch_macholib.bat
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9e1c0dc96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/macholib/fetch_macholib.bat
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+svn export --force http://svn.red-bean.com/bob/macholib/trunk/macholib/ .
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/macholib/framework.py b/Lib/ctypes/macholib/framework.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad6ed554ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/macholib/framework.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+"""
+Generic framework path manipulation
+"""
+
+import re
+
+__all__ = ['framework_info']
+
+STRICT_FRAMEWORK_RE = re.compile(r"""(?x)
+(?P<location>^.*)(?:^|/)
+(?P<name>
+    (?P<shortname>\w+).framework/
+    (?:Versions/(?P<version>[^/]+)/)?
+    (?P=shortname)
+    (?:_(?P<suffix>[^_]+))?
+)$
+""")
+
+def framework_info(filename):
+    """
+    A framework name can take one of the following four forms:
+        Location/Name.framework/Versions/SomeVersion/Name_Suffix
+        Location/Name.framework/Versions/SomeVersion/Name
+        Location/Name.framework/Name_Suffix
+        Location/Name.framework/Name
+
+    returns None if not found, or a mapping equivalent to:
+        dict(
+            location='Location',
+            name='Name.framework/Versions/SomeVersion/Name_Suffix',
+            shortname='Name',
+            version='SomeVersion',
+            suffix='Suffix',
+        )
+
+    Note that SomeVersion and Suffix are optional and may be None
+    if not present
+    """
+    is_framework = STRICT_FRAMEWORK_RE.match(filename)
+    if not is_framework:
+        return None
+    return is_framework.groupdict()
+
+def test_framework_info():
+    def d(location=None, name=None, shortname=None, version=None, suffix=None):
+        return dict(
+            location=location,
+            name=name,
+            shortname=shortname,
+            version=version,
+            suffix=suffix
+        )
+    assert framework_info('completely/invalid') is None
+    assert framework_info('completely/invalid/_debug') is None
+    assert framework_info('P/F.framework') is None
+    assert framework_info('P/F.framework/_debug') is None
+    assert framework_info('P/F.framework/F') == d('P', 'F.framework/F', 'F')
+    assert framework_info('P/F.framework/F_debug') == d('P', 'F.framework/F_debug', 'F', suffix='debug')
+    assert framework_info('P/F.framework/Versions') is None
+    assert framework_info('P/F.framework/Versions/A') is None
+    assert framework_info('P/F.framework/Versions/A/F') == d('P', 'F.framework/Versions/A/F', 'F', 'A')
+    assert framework_info('P/F.framework/Versions/A/F_debug') == d('P', 'F.framework/Versions/A/F_debug', 'F', 'A', 'debug')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    test_framework_info()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/.cvsignore b/Lib/ctypes/test/.cvsignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..842a98397a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/.cvsignore
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+*.pyc
+*.pyo
+_testfile.py
+_testfile.xml
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/__init__.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0464b1c82f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+import glob, os, sys, unittest, getopt, time
+
+use_resources = []
+
+class ResourceDenied(Exception):
+    """Test skipped because it requested a disallowed resource.
+
+    This is raised when a test calls requires() for a resource that
+    has not be enabled.  Resources are defined by test modules.
+    """
+
+def is_resource_enabled(resource):
+    """Test whether a resource is enabled.
+
+    If the caller's module is __main__ then automatically return True."""
+    if sys._getframe().f_back.f_globals.get("__name__") == "__main__":
+        return True
+    result = use_resources is not None and \
+           (resource in use_resources or "*" in use_resources)
+    if not result:
+        _unavail[resource] = None
+    return result
+
+_unavail = {}
+def requires(resource, msg=None):
+    """Raise ResourceDenied if the specified resource is not available.
+
+    If the caller's module is __main__ then automatically return True."""
+    # see if the caller's module is __main__ - if so, treat as if
+    # the resource was set
+    if sys._getframe().f_back.f_globals.get("__name__") == "__main__":
+        return
+    if not is_resource_enabled(resource):
+        if msg is None:
+            msg = "Use of the `%s' resource not enabled" % resource
+        raise ResourceDenied(msg)
+
+def find_package_modules(package, mask):
+    import fnmatch
+    if hasattr(package, "__loader__"):
+        path = package.__name__.replace(".", os.path.sep)
+        mask = os.path.join(path, mask)
+        for fnm in package.__loader__._files.iterkeys():
+            if fnmatch.fnmatchcase(fnm, mask):
+                yield os.path.splitext(fnm)[0].replace(os.path.sep, ".")
+    else:
+        path = package.__path__[0]
+        for fnm in os.listdir(path):
+            if fnmatch.fnmatchcase(fnm, mask):
+                yield "%s.%s" % (package.__name__, os.path.splitext(fnm)[0])
+
+def get_tests(package, mask, verbosity):
+    """Return a list of skipped test modules, and a list of test cases."""
+    tests = []
+    skipped = []
+    for modname in find_package_modules(package, mask):
+        try:
+            mod = __import__(modname, globals(), locals(), ['*'])
+        except ResourceDenied, detail:
+            skipped.append(modname)
+            if verbosity > 1:
+                print >> sys.stderr, "Skipped %s: %s" % (modname, detail)
+            continue
+        except Exception, detail:
+            print >> sys.stderr, "Warning: could not import %s: %s" % (modname, detail)
+            continue
+        for name in dir(mod):
+            if name.startswith("_"):
+                continue
+            o = getattr(mod, name)
+            if type(o) is type(unittest.TestCase) and issubclass(o, unittest.TestCase):
+                tests.append(o)
+    return skipped, tests
+
+def usage():
+    print __doc__
+    return 1
+
+def test_with_refcounts(runner, verbosity, testcase):
+    """Run testcase several times, tracking reference counts."""
+    import gc
+    import ctypes
+    ptc = ctypes._pointer_type_cache.copy()
+    cfc = ctypes._c_functype_cache.copy()
+    wfc = ctypes._win_functype_cache.copy()
+    
+    # when searching for refcount leaks, we have to manually reset any
+    # caches that ctypes has.
+    def cleanup():
+        ctypes._pointer_type_cache = ptc.copy()
+        ctypes._c_functype_cache = cfc.copy()
+        ctypes._win_functype_cache = wfc.copy()
+        gc.collect()
+
+    test = unittest.makeSuite(testcase)
+    for i in range(5):
+        rc = sys.gettotalrefcount()
+        runner.run(test)
+        cleanup()
+    COUNT = 5
+    refcounts = [None] * COUNT
+    for i in range(COUNT):
+        rc = sys.gettotalrefcount()
+        runner.run(test)
+        cleanup()
+        refcounts[i] = sys.gettotalrefcount() - rc
+    if filter(None, refcounts):
+        print "%s leaks:\n\t" % testcase, refcounts
+    elif verbosity:
+        print "%s: ok." % testcase
+
+class TestRunner(unittest.TextTestRunner):
+    def run(self, test, skipped):
+        "Run the given test case or test suite."
+        # Same as unittest.TextTestRunner.run, except that it reports
+        # skipped tests.
+        result = self._makeResult()
+        startTime = time.time()
+        test(result)
+        stopTime = time.time()
+        timeTaken = stopTime - startTime
+        result.printErrors()
+        self.stream.writeln(result.separator2)
+        run = result.testsRun
+        if _unavail: #skipped:
+            requested = _unavail.keys()
+            requested.sort()
+            self.stream.writeln("Ran %d test%s in %.3fs (%s module%s skipped)" %
+                                (run, run != 1 and "s" or "", timeTaken,
+                                 len(skipped),
+                                 len(skipped) != 1 and "s" or ""))
+            self.stream.writeln("Unavailable resources: %s" % ", ".join(requested))
+        else:
+            self.stream.writeln("Ran %d test%s in %.3fs" %
+                                (run, run != 1 and "s" or "", timeTaken))
+        self.stream.writeln()
+        if not result.wasSuccessful():
+            self.stream.write("FAILED (")
+            failed, errored = map(len, (result.failures, result.errors))
+            if failed:
+                self.stream.write("failures=%d" % failed)
+            if errored:
+                if failed: self.stream.write(", ")
+                self.stream.write("errors=%d" % errored)
+            self.stream.writeln(")")
+        else:
+            self.stream.writeln("OK")
+        return result
+
+
+def main(*packages):
+    try:
+        opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], "rqvu:")
+    except getopt.error:
+        return usage()
+
+    verbosity = 1
+    search_leaks = False
+    for flag, value in opts:
+        if flag == "-q":
+            verbosity -= 1
+        elif flag == "-v":
+            verbosity += 1
+        elif flag == "-r":
+            try:
+                sys.gettotalrefcount
+            except AttributeError:
+                print >> sys.stderr, "-r flag requires Python debug build"
+                return -1
+            search_leaks = True
+        elif flag == "-u":
+            use_resources.extend(value.split(","))
+
+    mask = "test_*.py"
+    if args:
+        mask = args[0]
+
+    for package in packages:
+        run_tests(package, mask, verbosity, search_leaks)
+
+
+def run_tests(package, mask, verbosity, search_leaks):
+    skipped, testcases = get_tests(package, mask, verbosity)
+    runner = TestRunner(verbosity=verbosity)
+
+    suites = [unittest.makeSuite(o) for o in testcases]
+    suite = unittest.TestSuite(suites)
+    result = runner.run(suite, skipped)
+
+    if search_leaks:
+        # hunt for refcount leaks
+        runner = BasicTestRunner()
+        for t in testcases:
+            test_with_refcounts(runner, verbosity, t)
+
+    return bool(result.errors)
+
+class BasicTestRunner:
+    def run(self, test):
+        result = unittest.TestResult()
+        test(result)
+        return result
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/runtests.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/runtests.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..14d7caa7c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/runtests.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+"""Usage: runtests.py [-q] [-r] [-v] [-u resources] [mask]
+
+Run all tests found in this directory, and print a summary of the results.
+Command line flags:
+  -q     quiet mode: don't prnt anything while the tests are running
+  -r     run tests repeatedly, look for refcount leaks
+  -u<resources>
+         Add resources to the lits of allowed resources. '*' allows all
+         resources.
+  -v     verbose mode: print the test currently executed
+  mask   mask to select filenames containing testcases, wildcards allowed
+"""
+import sys
+import ctypes.test
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(ctypes.test.main(ctypes.test))
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_array_in_pointer.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_array_in_pointer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..36e3633be8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_array_in_pointer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+from binascii import hexlify
+import re
+
+def dump(obj):
+    # helper function to dump memory contents in hex, with a hyphen
+    # between the bytes.
+    h = hexlify(buffer(obj))
+    return re.sub(r"(..)", r"\1-", h)[:-1]
+    
+
+class Value(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("val", c_byte)]
+
+class Container(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("pvalues", POINTER(Value))]
+
+class Test(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test(self):
+        # create an array of 4 values
+        val_array = (Value * 4)()
+
+        # create a container, which holds a pointer to the pvalues array.
+        c = Container()
+        c.pvalues = val_array
+
+        # memory contains 4 NUL bytes now, that's correct
+        self.failUnlessEqual("00-00-00-00", dump(val_array))
+
+        # set the values of the array through the pointer:
+        for i in range(4):
+            c.pvalues[i].val = i + 1
+
+        values = [c.pvalues[i].val for i in range(4)]
+
+        # These are the expected results: here s the bug!
+        self.failUnlessEqual(
+            (values, dump(val_array)),
+            ([1, 2, 3, 4], "01-02-03-04")
+        )
+
+    def test_2(self):
+
+        val_array = (Value * 4)()
+
+        # memory contains 4 NUL bytes now, that's correct
+        self.failUnlessEqual("00-00-00-00", dump(val_array))
+
+        ptr = cast(val_array, POINTER(Value))
+        # set the values of the array through the pointer:
+        for i in range(4):
+            ptr[i].val = i + 1
+
+        values = [ptr[i].val for i in range(4)]
+
+        # These are the expected results: here s the bug!
+        self.failUnlessEqual(
+            (values, dump(val_array)),
+            ([1, 2, 3, 4], "01-02-03-04")
+        )
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_arrays.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_arrays.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c812ff627d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_arrays.py
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+
+formats = "bBhHiIlLqQfd"
+
+formats = c_byte, c_ubyte, c_short, c_ushort, c_int, c_uint, \
+          c_long, c_ulonglong, c_float, c_double
+
+class ArrayTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_simple(self):
+        # create classes holding simple numeric types, and check
+        # various properties.
+
+        init = range(15, 25)
+
+        for fmt in formats:
+            alen = len(init)
+            int_array = ARRAY(fmt, alen)
+
+            ia = int_array(*init)
+            # length of instance ok?
+            self.failUnlessEqual(len(ia), alen)
+
+            # slot values ok?
+            values = [ia[i] for i in range(len(init))]
+            self.failUnlessEqual(values, init)
+
+            # change the items
+            from operator import setitem
+            new_values = range(42, 42+alen)
+            [setitem(ia, n, new_values[n]) for n in range(alen)]
+            values = [ia[i] for i in range(len(init))]
+            self.failUnlessEqual(values, new_values)
+
+            # are the items initialized to 0?
+            ia = int_array()
+            values = [ia[i] for i in range(len(init))]
+            self.failUnlessEqual(values, [0] * len(init))
+
+            # Too many in itializers should be caught
+            self.assertRaises(IndexError, int_array, *range(alen*2))
+
+        CharArray = ARRAY(c_char, 3)
+
+        ca = CharArray("a", "b", "c")
+
+        # Should this work? It doesn't:
+        # CharArray("abc")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, CharArray, "abc")
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(ca[0], "a")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(ca[1], "b")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(ca[2], "c")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(ca[-3], "a")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(ca[-2], "b")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(ca[-1], "c")
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(len(ca), 3)
+
+        # slicing is now supported, but not extended slicing (3-argument)!
+        from operator import getslice, delitem
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, getslice, ca, 0, 1, -1)
+
+        # cannot delete items
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, delitem, ca, 0)
+
+    def test_numeric_arrays(self):
+
+        alen = 5
+
+        numarray = ARRAY(c_int, alen)
+
+        na = numarray()
+        values = [na[i] for i in range(alen)]
+        self.failUnlessEqual(values, [0] * alen)
+
+        na = numarray(*[c_int()] * alen)
+        values = [na[i] for i in range(alen)]
+        self.failUnlessEqual(values, [0]*alen)
+
+        na = numarray(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
+        values = [i for i in na]
+        self.failUnlessEqual(values, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+
+        na = numarray(*map(c_int, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)))
+        values = [i for i in na]
+        self.failUnlessEqual(values, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+
+    def test_classcache(self):
+        self.failUnless(not ARRAY(c_int, 3) is ARRAY(c_int, 4))
+        self.failUnless(ARRAY(c_int, 3) is ARRAY(c_int, 3))
+
+    def test_from_address(self):
+        # Failed with 0.9.8, reported by JUrner
+        p = create_string_buffer("foo")
+        sz = (c_char * 3).from_address(addressof(p))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sz[:], "foo")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sz.value, "foo")
+
+    try:
+        create_unicode_buffer
+    except NameError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        def test_from_addressW(self):
+            p = create_unicode_buffer("foo")
+            sz = (c_wchar * 3).from_address(addressof(p))
+            self.failUnlessEqual(sz[:], "foo")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(sz.value, "foo")
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_bitfields.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_bitfields.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..99d870922d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_bitfields.py
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+from ctypes import *
+import unittest
+import os
+
+import ctypes
+import _ctypes_test
+
+class BITS(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("A", c_int, 1),
+                ("B", c_int, 2),
+                ("C", c_int, 3),
+                ("D", c_int, 4),
+                ("E", c_int, 5),
+                ("F", c_int, 6),
+                ("G", c_int, 7),
+                ("H", c_int, 8),
+                ("I", c_int, 9),
+                
+                ("M", c_short, 1),
+                ("N", c_short, 2),
+                ("O", c_short, 3),
+                ("P", c_short, 4),
+                ("Q", c_short, 5),
+                ("R", c_short, 6),
+                ("S", c_short, 7)]
+
+func = cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__).unpack_bitfields
+func.argtypes = POINTER(BITS), c_char
+
+##for n in "ABCDEFGHIMNOPQRS":
+##    print n, hex(getattr(BITS, n).size), getattr(BITS, n).offset
+
+class C_Test(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_ints(self):
+        for i in range(512):
+            for name in "ABCDEFGHI":
+                b = BITS()
+                setattr(b, name, i)
+                self.failUnlessEqual((name, i, getattr(b, name)), (name, i, func(byref(b), name)))
+
+    def test_shorts(self):
+        for i in range(256):
+            for name in "MNOPQRS":
+                b = BITS()
+                setattr(b, name, i)
+                self.failUnlessEqual((name, i, getattr(b, name)), (name, i, func(byref(b), name)))
+
+signed_int_types = (c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_longlong)
+unsigned_int_types = (c_ubyte, c_ushort, c_uint, c_ulong, c_ulonglong)
+int_types = unsigned_int_types + signed_int_types
+
+class BitFieldTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_longlong(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_longlong, 1),
+                        ("b", c_longlong, 62),
+                        ("c", c_longlong, 1)]
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_longlong))
+        x = X()
+        x.a, x.b, x.c = -1, 7, -1
+        self.failUnlessEqual((x.a, x.b, x.c), (-1, 7, -1))
+        
+    def test_ulonglong(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_ulonglong, 1),
+                        ("b", c_ulonglong, 62),
+                        ("c", c_ulonglong, 1)]
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_longlong))
+        x = X()
+        self.failUnlessEqual((x.a, x.b, x.c), (0, 0, 0))
+        x.a, x.b, x.c = 7, 7, 7
+        self.failUnlessEqual((x.a, x.b, x.c), (1, 7, 1))
+
+    def test_signed(self):
+        for c_typ in signed_int_types:
+            class X(Structure):
+                _fields_ = [("dummy", c_typ),
+                            ("a", c_typ, 3),                   
+                            ("b", c_typ, 3),
+                            ("c", c_typ, 1)]
+            self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_typ)*2)
+
+            x = X()
+            self.failUnlessEqual((c_typ, x.a, x.b, x.c), (c_typ, 0, 0, 0))
+            x.a = -1
+            self.failUnlessEqual((c_typ, x.a, x.b, x.c), (c_typ, -1, 0, 0))
+            x.a, x.b = 0, -1
+            self.failUnlessEqual((c_typ, x.a, x.b, x.c), (c_typ, 0, -1, 0))
+
+
+    def test_unsigned(self):
+        for c_typ in unsigned_int_types:
+            class X(Structure):
+                _fields_ = [("a", c_typ, 3),
+                            ("b", c_typ, 3),
+                            ("c", c_typ, 1)]
+            self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_typ))
+
+            x = X()
+            self.failUnlessEqual((c_typ, x.a, x.b, x.c), (c_typ, 0, 0, 0))
+            x.a = -1
+            self.failUnlessEqual((c_typ, x.a, x.b, x.c), (c_typ, 7, 0, 0))
+            x.a, x.b = 0, -1
+            self.failUnlessEqual((c_typ, x.a, x.b, x.c), (c_typ, 0, 7, 0))
+
+
+    def fail_fields(self, *fields):
+        return self.get_except(type(Structure), "X", (),
+                               {"_fields_": fields})
+
+    def test_nonint_types(self):
+        # bit fields are not allowed on non-integer types.
+        result = self.fail_fields(("a", c_char_p, 1))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, (TypeError, 'bit fields not allowed for type c_char_p'))
+
+        result = self.fail_fields(("a", c_void_p, 1))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, (TypeError, 'bit fields not allowed for type c_void_p'))
+
+        if c_int != c_long:
+            result = self.fail_fields(("a", POINTER(c_int), 1))
+            self.failUnlessEqual(result, (TypeError, 'bit fields not allowed for type LP_c_int'))
+
+        result = self.fail_fields(("a", c_char, 1))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, (TypeError, 'bit fields not allowed for type c_char'))
+
+        try:
+            c_wchar
+        except NameError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            result = self.fail_fields(("a", c_wchar, 1))
+            self.failUnlessEqual(result, (TypeError, 'bit fields not allowed for type c_wchar'))
+
+        class Dummy(Structure):
+            _fields_ = []
+
+        result = self.fail_fields(("a", Dummy, 1))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, (TypeError, 'bit fields not allowed for type Dummy'))
+
+    def test_single_bitfield_size(self):
+        for c_typ in int_types:
+            result = self.fail_fields(("a", c_typ, -1))
+            self.failUnlessEqual(result, (ValueError, 'number of bits invalid for bit field'))
+
+            result = self.fail_fields(("a", c_typ, 0))
+            self.failUnlessEqual(result, (ValueError, 'number of bits invalid for bit field'))
+
+            class X(Structure):
+                _fields_ = [("a", c_typ, 1)]
+            self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_typ))
+
+            class X(Structure):
+                _fields_ = [("a", c_typ, sizeof(c_typ)*8)]
+            self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_typ))
+
+            result = self.fail_fields(("a", c_typ, sizeof(c_typ)*8 + 1))
+            self.failUnlessEqual(result, (ValueError, 'number of bits invalid for bit field'))
+
+    def test_multi_bitfields_size(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_short, 1),
+                        ("b", c_short, 14),
+                        ("c", c_short, 1)]
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_short))
+
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_short, 1),
+                        ("a1", c_short),
+                        ("b", c_short, 14),
+                        ("c", c_short, 1)]
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_short)*3)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X.a.offset, 0)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X.a1.offset, sizeof(c_short))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X.b.offset, sizeof(c_short)*2)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X.c.offset, sizeof(c_short)*2)
+
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_short, 3),
+                        ("b", c_short, 14),
+                        ("c", c_short, 14)]
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_short)*3)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X.a.offset, sizeof(c_short)*0)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X.b.offset, sizeof(c_short)*1)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X.c.offset, sizeof(c_short)*2)
+
+
+    def get_except(self, func, *args, **kw):
+        try:
+            func(*args, **kw)
+        except Exception, detail:
+            return detail.__class__, str(detail)
+
+    def test_mixed_1(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_byte, 4),
+                        ("b", c_int, 4)]
+        if os.name in ("nt", "ce"):
+            self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_int)*2)
+        else:
+            self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_int))
+
+    def test_mixed_2(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_byte, 4),
+                        ("b", c_int, 32)]
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_int)*2)
+
+    def test_mixed_3(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_byte, 4),
+                        ("b", c_ubyte, 4)]
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_byte))
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_buffers.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_buffers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..074e854fc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_buffers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+from ctypes import *
+import unittest
+
+class StringBufferTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_buffer(self):
+        b = create_string_buffer(32)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(len(b), 32)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(b), 32 * sizeof(c_char))
+        self.failUnless(type(b[0]) is str)
+        
+        b = create_string_buffer("abc")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(len(b), 4) # trailing nul char
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(b), 4 * sizeof(c_char))
+        self.failUnless(type(b[0]) is str)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(b[0], "a")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(b[:], "abc\0")
+        
+    def test_string_conversion(self):
+        b = create_string_buffer(u"abc")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(len(b), 4) # trailing nul char
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(b), 4 * sizeof(c_char))
+        self.failUnless(type(b[0]) is str)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(b[0], "a")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(b[:], "abc\0")
+
+    try:
+        c_wchar
+    except NameError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        def test_unicode_buffer(self):
+            b = create_unicode_buffer(32)
+            self.failUnlessEqual(len(b), 32)
+            self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(b), 32 * sizeof(c_wchar))
+            self.failUnless(type(b[0]) is unicode)
+
+            b = create_unicode_buffer(u"abc")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(len(b), 4) # trailing nul char
+            self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(b), 4 * sizeof(c_wchar))
+            self.failUnless(type(b[0]) is unicode)
+            self.failUnlessEqual(b[0], u"a")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(b[:], "abc\0")
+
+        def test_unicode_conversion(self):
+            b = create_unicode_buffer("abc")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(len(b), 4) # trailing nul char
+            self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(b), 4 * sizeof(c_wchar))
+            self.failUnless(type(b[0]) is unicode)
+            self.failUnlessEqual(b[0], u"a")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(b[:], "abc\0")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_byteswap.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_byteswap.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..81a5f7fe79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_byteswap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+import sys, unittest, struct, math
+from binascii import hexlify
+
+from ctypes import *
+
+def bin(s):
+    return hexlify(buffer(s)).upper()
+
+# Each *simple* type that supports different byte orders has an
+# __ctype_be__ attribute that specifies the same type in BIG ENDIAN
+# byte order, and a __ctype_le__ attribute that is the same type in
+# LITTLE ENDIAN byte order.
+#
+# For Structures and Unions, these types are created on demand. 
+
+class Test(unittest.TestCase):
+    def X_test(self):
+        print sys.byteorder
+        for i in range(32):
+            bits = BITS()
+            setattr(bits, "i%s" % i, 1)
+            dump(bits)
+
+    def test_endian_short(self):
+        if sys.byteorder == "little":
+            self.failUnless(c_short.__ctype_le__ is c_short)
+            self.failUnless(c_short.__ctype_be__.__ctype_le__ is c_short)
+        else:
+            self.failUnless(c_short.__ctype_be__ is c_short)
+            self.failUnless(c_short.__ctype_le__.__ctype_be__ is c_short)
+        s = c_short.__ctype_be__(0x1234)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(struct.pack(">h", 0x1234)), "1234")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(s), "1234")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(s.value, 0x1234)
+
+        s = c_short.__ctype_le__(0x1234)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(struct.pack("<h", 0x1234)), "3412")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(s), "3412")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(s.value, 0x1234)
+
+        s = c_ushort.__ctype_be__(0x1234)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(struct.pack(">h", 0x1234)), "1234")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(s), "1234")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(s.value, 0x1234)
+
+        s = c_ushort.__ctype_le__(0x1234)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(struct.pack("<h", 0x1234)), "3412")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(s), "3412")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(s.value, 0x1234)
+
+    def test_endian_int(self):
+        if sys.byteorder == "little":
+            self.failUnless(c_int.__ctype_le__ is c_int)
+            self.failUnless(c_int.__ctype_be__.__ctype_le__ is c_int)
+        else:
+            self.failUnless(c_int.__ctype_be__ is c_int)
+            self.failUnless(c_int.__ctype_le__.__ctype_be__ is c_int)
+
+        s = c_int.__ctype_be__(0x12345678)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(struct.pack(">i", 0x12345678)), "12345678")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(s), "12345678")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(s.value, 0x12345678)
+
+        s = c_int.__ctype_le__(0x12345678)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(struct.pack("<i", 0x12345678)), "78563412")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(s), "78563412")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(s.value, 0x12345678)
+
+        s = c_uint.__ctype_be__(0x12345678)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(struct.pack(">I", 0x12345678)), "12345678")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(s), "12345678")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(s.value, 0x12345678)
+
+        s = c_uint.__ctype_le__(0x12345678)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(struct.pack("<I", 0x12345678)), "78563412")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(s), "78563412")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(s.value, 0x12345678)
+
+    def test_endian_longlong(self):
+        if sys.byteorder == "little":
+            self.failUnless(c_longlong.__ctype_le__ is c_longlong)
+            self.failUnless(c_longlong.__ctype_be__.__ctype_le__ is c_longlong)
+        else:
+            self.failUnless(c_longlong.__ctype_be__ is c_longlong)
+            self.failUnless(c_longlong.__ctype_le__.__ctype_be__ is c_longlong)
+
+        s = c_longlong.__ctype_be__(0x1234567890ABCDEF)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(struct.pack(">q", 0x1234567890ABCDEF)), "1234567890ABCDEF")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(s), "1234567890ABCDEF")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(s.value, 0x1234567890ABCDEF)
+
+        s = c_longlong.__ctype_le__(0x1234567890ABCDEF)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(struct.pack("<q", 0x1234567890ABCDEF)), "EFCDAB9078563412")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(s), "EFCDAB9078563412")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(s.value, 0x1234567890ABCDEF)
+
+        s = c_ulonglong.__ctype_be__(0x1234567890ABCDEF)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(struct.pack(">Q", 0x1234567890ABCDEF)), "1234567890ABCDEF")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(s), "1234567890ABCDEF")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(s.value, 0x1234567890ABCDEF)
+
+        s = c_ulonglong.__ctype_le__(0x1234567890ABCDEF)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(struct.pack("<Q", 0x1234567890ABCDEF)), "EFCDAB9078563412")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(s), "EFCDAB9078563412")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(s.value, 0x1234567890ABCDEF)
+
+    def test_endian_float(self):
+        if sys.byteorder == "little":
+            self.failUnless(c_float.__ctype_le__ is c_float)
+            self.failUnless(c_float.__ctype_be__.__ctype_le__ is c_float)
+        else:
+            self.failUnless(c_float.__ctype_be__ is c_float)
+            self.failUnless(c_float.__ctype_le__.__ctype_be__ is c_float)
+        s = c_float(math.pi)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(struct.pack("f", math.pi)), bin(s))
+        # Hm, what's the precision of a float compared to a double?
+        self.failUnlessAlmostEqual(s.value, math.pi, 6)
+        s = c_float.__ctype_le__(math.pi)
+        self.failUnlessAlmostEqual(s.value, math.pi, 6)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(struct.pack("<f", math.pi)), bin(s))
+        s = c_float.__ctype_be__(math.pi)
+        self.failUnlessAlmostEqual(s.value, math.pi, 6)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(struct.pack(">f", math.pi)), bin(s))
+
+    def test_endian_double(self):
+        if sys.byteorder == "little":
+            self.failUnless(c_double.__ctype_le__ is c_double)
+            self.failUnless(c_double.__ctype_be__.__ctype_le__ is c_double)
+        else:
+            self.failUnless(c_double.__ctype_be__ is c_double)
+            self.failUnless(c_double.__ctype_le__.__ctype_be__ is c_double)
+        s = c_double(math.pi)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(s.value, math.pi)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(struct.pack("d", math.pi)), bin(s))
+        s = c_double.__ctype_le__(math.pi)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(s.value, math.pi)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(struct.pack("<d", math.pi)), bin(s))
+        s = c_double.__ctype_be__(math.pi)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(s.value, math.pi)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(struct.pack(">d", math.pi)), bin(s))
+
+    def test_endian_other(self):
+        self.failUnless(c_byte.__ctype_le__ is c_byte)
+        self.failUnless(c_byte.__ctype_be__ is c_byte)
+
+        self.failUnless(c_ubyte.__ctype_le__ is c_ubyte)
+        self.failUnless(c_ubyte.__ctype_be__ is c_ubyte)
+
+        self.failUnless(c_char.__ctype_le__ is c_char)
+        self.failUnless(c_char.__ctype_be__ is c_char)
+
+    def test_struct_fields(self):
+        if sys.byteorder == "little":
+            base = BigEndianStructure
+        else:
+            base = LittleEndianStructure
+
+        class T(base):
+            pass
+        _fields_ = [("a", c_ubyte),
+                    ("b", c_byte),
+                    ("c", c_short),
+                    ("d", c_ushort),
+                    ("e", c_int),
+                    ("f", c_uint),
+                    ("g", c_long),
+                    ("h", c_ulong),
+                    ("i", c_longlong),
+                    ("k", c_ulonglong),
+                    ("l", c_float),
+                    ("m", c_double),
+                    ("n", c_char),
+
+                    ("b1", c_byte, 3),
+                    ("b2", c_byte, 3),
+                    ("b3", c_byte, 2),
+                    ("a", c_int * 3 * 3 * 3)]
+        T._fields_ = _fields_
+
+        # these fields do not support different byte order:
+        for typ in c_wchar, c_void_p, POINTER(c_int):
+            _fields_.append(("x", typ))
+            class T(base):
+                pass
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, T, "_fields_", [("x", typ)])
+
+    def test_struct_struct(self):
+        # Nested structures with different byte order not (yet) supported
+        if sys.byteorder == "little":
+            base = BigEndianStructure
+        else:
+            base = LittleEndianStructure
+
+        class T(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int),
+                        ("b", c_int)]
+        class S(base):
+            pass
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, S, "_fields_", [("s", T)])
+
+    def test_struct_fields(self):
+        if sys.byteorder == "little":
+            base = BigEndianStructure
+            fmt = ">bhid"
+        else:
+            base = LittleEndianStructure
+            fmt = "<bhid"
+
+        class S(base):
+            _pack_ = 1 # struct with '<' or '>' uses standard alignment.
+            _fields_ = [("b", c_byte),
+                        ("h", c_short),
+                        ("i", c_int),
+                        ("d", c_double)]
+
+        s1 = S(0x12, 0x1234, 0x12345678, 3.14)
+        s2 = struct.pack(fmt, 0x12, 0x1234, 0x12345678, 3.14)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(bin(s1), bin(s2))
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_callbacks.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_callbacks.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9dee78c4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_callbacks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+import _ctypes_test
+
+class Callbacks(unittest.TestCase):
+    functype = CFUNCTYPE    
+
+##    def tearDown(self):
+##        import gc
+##        gc.collect()
+
+    def callback(self, *args):
+        self.got_args = args
+        return args[-1]
+
+    def check_type(self, typ, arg):
+        PROTO = self.functype.im_func(typ, typ)
+        result = PROTO(self.callback)(arg)
+        if typ == c_float:
+            self.failUnlessAlmostEqual(result, arg, places=5)
+        else:
+            self.failUnlessEqual(self.got_args, (arg,))
+            self.failUnlessEqual(result, arg)
+
+        PROTO = self.functype.im_func(typ, c_byte, typ)
+        result = PROTO(self.callback)(-3, arg)
+        if typ == c_float:
+            self.failUnlessAlmostEqual(result, arg, places=5)
+        else:
+            self.failUnlessEqual(self.got_args, (-3, arg))
+            self.failUnlessEqual(result, arg)
+
+    ################
+
+    def test_byte(self):
+        self.check_type(c_byte, 42)
+        self.check_type(c_byte, -42)
+
+    def test_ubyte(self):
+        self.check_type(c_ubyte, 42)
+
+    def test_short(self):
+        self.check_type(c_short, 42)
+        self.check_type(c_short, -42)
+
+    def test_ushort(self):
+        self.check_type(c_ushort, 42)
+
+    def test_int(self):
+        self.check_type(c_int, 42)
+        self.check_type(c_int, -42)
+
+    def test_uint(self):
+        self.check_type(c_uint, 42)
+
+    def test_long(self):
+        self.check_type(c_long, 42)
+        self.check_type(c_long, -42)
+
+    def test_ulong(self):
+        self.check_type(c_ulong, 42)
+
+    def test_longlong(self):
+        self.check_type(c_longlong, 42)
+        self.check_type(c_longlong, -42)
+
+    def test_ulonglong(self):
+        self.check_type(c_ulonglong, 42)
+
+    def test_float(self):
+        # only almost equal: double -> float -> double
+        import math
+        self.check_type(c_float, math.e)
+        self.check_type(c_float, -math.e)
+
+    def test_double(self):
+        self.check_type(c_double, 3.14)
+        self.check_type(c_double, -3.14)
+
+    def test_char(self):
+        self.check_type(c_char, "x")
+        self.check_type(c_char, "a")
+
+    # disabled: would now (correctly) raise a RuntimeWarning about
+    # a memory leak.  A callback function cannot return a non-integral
+    # C type without causing a memory leak.
+##    def test_char_p(self):
+##        self.check_type(c_char_p, "abc")
+##        self.check_type(c_char_p, "def")
+
+    def test_pyobject(self):
+        o = ()
+        from sys import getrefcount as grc
+        for o in (), [], object():
+            initial = grc(o)
+            # This call leaks a reference to 'o'...
+            self.check_type(py_object, o)
+            before = grc(o)
+            # ...but this call doesn't leak any more.  Where is the refcount?
+            self.check_type(py_object, o)
+            after = grc(o)
+            self.failUnlessEqual((after, o), (before, o))
+
+try:
+    WINFUNCTYPE
+except NameError:
+    pass
+else:
+    class StdcallCallbacks(Callbacks):
+        functype = WINFUNCTYPE
+
+################################################################
+
+class SampleCallbacksTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_integrate(self):
+        # Derived from some then non-working code, posted by David Foster
+        dll = cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+
+        # The function prototype called by 'integrate': double func(double);
+        CALLBACK = CFUNCTYPE(c_double, c_double)
+
+        # The integrate function itself, exposed from the _ctypes_test dll
+        integrate = dll.integrate
+        integrate.argtypes = (c_double, c_double, CALLBACK, c_long)
+        integrate.restype = c_double
+
+        def func(x):
+            return x**2
+
+        result = integrate(0.0, 1.0, CALLBACK(func), 10)
+        diff = abs(result - 1./3.)
+        
+        self.failUnless(diff < 0.01, "%s not less than 0.01" % diff)
+
+################################################################
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_cast.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_cast.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6f25febfde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_cast.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+from ctypes import *
+import unittest
+import sys
+
+class Test(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_array2pointer(self):
+        array = (c_int * 3)(42, 17, 2)
+
+        # casting an array to a pointer works.
+        ptr = cast(array, POINTER(c_int))
+        self.failUnlessEqual([ptr[i] for i in range(3)], [42, 17, 2])
+
+        if 2*sizeof(c_short) == sizeof(c_int):
+            ptr = cast(array, POINTER(c_short))
+            if sys.byteorder == "little":
+                self.failUnlessEqual([ptr[i] for i in range(6)],
+                                     [42, 0, 17, 0, 2, 0])
+            else:
+                self.failUnlessEqual([ptr[i] for i in range(6)],
+                                     [0, 42, 0, 17, 0, 2])
+
+    def test_address2pointer(self):
+        array = (c_int * 3)(42, 17, 2)
+
+        # on AMD64, sizeof(int) == 4 and sizeof(void *) == 8.
+        # By default, cast would convert a Python int (or long) into
+        # a C int, which would be too short to represent a pointer
+        # on this platform.
+
+        # So we have to wrap the address into a c_void_p for this to work.
+        #
+        # XXX Better would be to hide the differences in the cast function.
+        address = addressof(array)
+        ptr = cast(c_void_p(address), POINTER(c_int))
+        self.failUnlessEqual([ptr[i] for i in range(3)], [42, 17, 2])
+
+
+    def test_ptr2array(self):
+        array = (c_int * 3)(42, 17, 2)
+
+##        # Hm, already tested above.
+##        ptr = cast(array, POINTER(c_int))
+##        self.failUnlessEqual([ptr[i] for i in range(3)], [42, 17, 2])
+
+#        print cast(addressof(array), c_int * 3)[:]
+##        ptr = cast(addressof(ptr)
+
+##        print ptr[0], ptr[1], ptr[2]
+##        ptr = POINTER(c_int).from_address(addressof(array))
+##        # XXX this crashes:
+##        print ptr[0], ptr[1], ptr[2]
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_cfuncs.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_cfuncs.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7c2b28be7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_cfuncs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+# A lot of failures in these tests on Mac OS X.
+# Byte order related?
+
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+
+import _ctypes_test
+
+class CFunctions(unittest.TestCase):
+    _dll = cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+
+    def S(self):
+        return c_longlong.in_dll(self._dll, "last_tf_arg_s").value
+    def U(self):
+        return c_ulonglong.in_dll(self._dll, "last_tf_arg_u").value
+
+    def test_byte(self):
+        self._dll.tf_b.restype = c_byte
+        self._dll.tf_b.argtypes = (c_byte,)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_b(-126), -42)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.S(), -126)
+
+    def test_byte_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bb.restype = c_byte
+        self._dll.tf_bb.argtypes = (c_byte, c_byte)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_bb(0, -126), -42)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.S(), -126)
+
+    def test_ubyte(self):
+        self._dll.tf_B.restype = c_ubyte
+        self._dll.tf_B.argtypes = (c_ubyte,)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_B(255), 85)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.U(), 255)
+
+    def test_ubyte_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bB.restype = c_ubyte
+        self._dll.tf_bB.argtypes = (c_byte, c_ubyte)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_bB(0, 255), 85)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.U(), 255)
+
+    def test_short(self):
+        self._dll.tf_h.restype = c_short
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_h(-32766), -10922)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.S(), -32766)
+
+    def test_short_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bh.restype = c_short
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_bh(0, -32766), -10922)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.S(), -32766)
+
+    def test_ushort(self):
+        self._dll.tf_H.restype = c_ushort
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_H(65535), 21845)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.U(), 65535)
+
+    def test_ushort_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bH.restype = c_ushort
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_bH(0, 65535), 21845)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.U(), 65535)
+
+    def test_int(self):
+        self._dll.tf_i.restype = c_int
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_i(-2147483646), -715827882)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.S(), -2147483646)
+
+    def test_int_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bi.restype = c_int
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_bi(0, -2147483646), -715827882)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.S(), -2147483646)
+
+    def test_uint(self):
+        self._dll.tf_I.restype = c_uint
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_I(4294967295), 1431655765)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.U(), 4294967295)
+
+    def test_uint_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bI.restype = c_uint
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_bI(0, 4294967295), 1431655765)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.U(), 4294967295)
+
+    def test_long(self):
+        self._dll.tf_l.restype = c_long
+        self._dll.tf_l.argtypes = (c_long,)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_l(-2147483646), -715827882)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.S(), -2147483646)
+
+    def test_long_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bl.restype = c_long
+        self._dll.tf_bl.argtypes = (c_byte, c_long)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_bl(0, -2147483646), -715827882)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.S(), -2147483646)
+
+    def test_ulong(self):
+        self._dll.tf_L.restype = c_ulong
+        self._dll.tf_L.argtypes = (c_ulong,)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_L(4294967295), 1431655765)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.U(), 4294967295)
+
+    def test_ulong_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bL.restype = c_ulong
+        self._dll.tf_bL.argtypes = (c_char, c_ulong)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_bL(' ', 4294967295), 1431655765)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.U(), 4294967295)
+
+    def test_longlong(self):
+        self._dll.tf_q.restype = c_longlong
+        self._dll.tf_q.argtypes = (c_longlong, )
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_q(-9223372036854775806), -3074457345618258602)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.S(), -9223372036854775806)
+
+    def test_longlong_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bq.restype = c_longlong
+        self._dll.tf_bq.argtypes = (c_byte, c_longlong)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_bq(0, -9223372036854775806), -3074457345618258602)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.S(), -9223372036854775806)
+
+    def test_ulonglong(self):
+        self._dll.tf_Q.restype = c_ulonglong
+        self._dll.tf_Q.argtypes = (c_ulonglong, )
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_Q(18446744073709551615), 6148914691236517205)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.U(), 18446744073709551615)
+
+    def test_ulonglong_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bQ.restype = c_ulonglong
+        self._dll.tf_bQ.argtypes = (c_byte, c_ulonglong)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_bQ(0, 18446744073709551615), 6148914691236517205)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.U(), 18446744073709551615)
+
+    def test_float(self):
+        self._dll.tf_f.restype = c_float
+        self._dll.tf_f.argtypes = (c_float,)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_f(-42.), -14.)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.S(), -42)
+
+    def test_float_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bf.restype = c_float
+        self._dll.tf_bf.argtypes = (c_byte, c_float)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_bf(0, -42.), -14.)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.S(), -42)
+
+    def test_double(self):
+        self._dll.tf_d.restype = c_double
+        self._dll.tf_d.argtypes = (c_double,)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_d(42.), 14.)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.S(), 42)
+
+    def test_double_plus(self):
+        self._dll.tf_bd.restype = c_double
+        self._dll.tf_bd.argtypes = (c_byte, c_double)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_bd(0, 42.), 14.)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.S(), 42)
+
+    def test_callwithresult(self):
+        def process_result(result):
+            return result * 2
+        self._dll.tf_i.restype = process_result
+        self._dll.tf_i.argtypes = (c_int,)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_i(42), 28)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.S(), 42)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tf_i(-42), -28)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.S(), -42)
+
+    def test_void(self):
+        self._dll.tv_i.restype = None
+        self._dll.tv_i.argtypes = (c_int,)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tv_i(42), None)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.S(), 42)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self._dll.tv_i(-42), None)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(self.S(), -42)
+
+# The following repeates the above tests with stdcall functions (where
+# they are available)
+try:
+    WinDLL
+except NameError:
+    pass
+else:
+    class stdcall_dll(WinDLL):
+        def __getattr__(self, name):
+            if name[:2] == '__' and name[-2:] == '__':
+                raise AttributeError, name
+            func = self._FuncPtr("s_" + name, self)
+            setattr(self, name, func)
+            return func
+
+    class stdcallCFunctions(CFunctions):
+        _dll = stdcall_dll(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        pass
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_checkretval.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_checkretval.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7a9cd22e89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_checkretval.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+import unittest
+import sys
+
+from ctypes import *
+
+class Test(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_checkretval(self):
+
+        class CHECKED(c_int):
+            def _check_retval_(value):
+                # Receives a CHECKED instance.
+                return str(value.value)
+            _check_retval_ = staticmethod(_check_retval_)
+
+        import _ctypes_test
+        dll = cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(42, dll._testfunc_p_p(42))
+
+        dll._testfunc_p_p.restype = CHECKED
+        self.failUnlessEqual("42", dll._testfunc_p_p(42))
+
+        dll._testfunc_p_p.restype = None
+        self.failUnlessEqual(None, dll._testfunc_p_p(42))
+
+        del dll._testfunc_p_p.restype
+        self.failUnlessEqual(42, dll._testfunc_p_p(42))
+
+    try:
+        oledll
+    except NameError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        def test_oledll(self):
+            self.failUnlessRaises(WindowsError,
+                                  oledll.oleaut32.CreateTypeLib2,
+                                  0, 0, 0)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_errcheck.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_errcheck.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a4913f920d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_errcheck.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import sys
+from ctypes import *
+
+##class HMODULE(Structure):
+##    _fields_ = [("value", c_void_p)]
+
+##    def __repr__(self):
+##        return "<HMODULE %s>" % self.value
+
+##windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA.restype = HMODULE
+
+##print windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA("python23.dll")
+##print hex(sys.dllhandle)
+
+##def nonzero(handle):
+##    return (GetLastError(), handle)
+
+##windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA.errcheck = nonzero
+##print windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA("spam")
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_funcptr.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_funcptr.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c0b40657d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_funcptr.py
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+import os, unittest
+from ctypes import *
+
+try:
+    WINFUNCTYPE
+except NameError:
+    # fake to enable this test on Linux
+    WINFUNCTYPE = CFUNCTYPE
+
+import _ctypes_test
+lib = cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+
+class CFuncPtrTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_basic(self):
+        X = WINFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, c_int)
+
+        def func(*args):
+            return len(args)
+
+        x = X(func)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(x.restype, c_int)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(x.argtypes, (c_int, c_int))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(x), sizeof(c_voidp))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_voidp))
+
+    def test_first(self):
+        StdCallback = WINFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, c_int)
+        CdeclCallback = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, c_int)
+
+        def func(a, b):
+            return a + b
+
+        s = StdCallback(func)
+        c = CdeclCallback(func)
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(s(1, 2), 3)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(c(1, 2), 3)
+        # The following no longer raises a TypeError - it is now
+        # possible, as in C, to call cdecl functions with more parameters.
+        #self.assertRaises(TypeError, c, 1, 2, 3)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), 3)
+        if not WINFUNCTYPE is CFUNCTYPE and os.name != "ce":
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, s, 1, 2, 3)
+
+    def test_structures(self):
+        WNDPROC = WINFUNCTYPE(c_long, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int)
+
+        def wndproc(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam):
+            return hwnd + msg + wParam + lParam
+
+        HINSTANCE = c_int
+        HICON = c_int
+        HCURSOR = c_int
+        LPCTSTR = c_char_p
+
+        class WNDCLASS(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("style", c_uint),
+                        ("lpfnWndProc", WNDPROC),
+                        ("cbClsExtra", c_int),
+                        ("cbWndExtra", c_int),
+                        ("hInstance", HINSTANCE),
+                        ("hIcon", HICON),
+                        ("hCursor", HCURSOR),
+                        ("lpszMenuName", LPCTSTR),
+                        ("lpszClassName", LPCTSTR)]
+
+        wndclass = WNDCLASS()
+        wndclass.lpfnWndProc = WNDPROC(wndproc)
+
+        WNDPROC_2 = WINFUNCTYPE(c_long, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int)
+
+        # This is no longer true, now that WINFUNCTYPE caches created types internally.
+        ## # CFuncPtr subclasses are compared by identity, so this raises a TypeError:
+        ## self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, wndclass,
+        ##                  "lpfnWndProc", WNDPROC_2(wndproc))
+        # instead:
+
+        self.failUnless(WNDPROC is WNDPROC_2)
+        # 'wndclass.lpfnWndProc' leaks 94 references.  Why?
+        self.failUnlessEqual(wndclass.lpfnWndProc(1, 2, 3, 4), 10)
+
+
+        f = wndclass.lpfnWndProc
+
+        del wndclass
+        del wndproc
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(f(10, 11, 12, 13), 46)
+
+    def test_dllfunctions(self):
+
+        def NoNullHandle(value):
+            if not value:
+                raise WinError()
+            return value
+
+        strchr = lib.my_strchr
+        strchr.restype = c_char_p
+        strchr.argtypes = (c_char_p, c_char)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(strchr("abcdefghi", "b"), "bcdefghi")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(strchr("abcdefghi", "x"), None)
+
+
+        strtok = lib.my_strtok
+        strtok.restype = c_char_p
+        # Neither of this does work: strtok changes the buffer it is passed
+##        strtok.argtypes = (c_char_p, c_char_p)
+##        strtok.argtypes = (c_string, c_char_p)
+
+        def c_string(init):
+            size = len(init) + 1
+            return (c_char*size)(*init)
+
+        s = "a\nb\nc"
+        b = c_string(s)
+
+##        b = (c_char * (len(s)+1))()
+##        b.value = s
+
+##        b = c_string(s)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(strtok(b, "\n"), "a")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(strtok(None, "\n"), "b")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(strtok(None, "\n"), "c")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(strtok(None, "\n"), None)
+        
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_functions.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_functions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6ccb739649
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_functions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+"""
+Here is probably the place to write the docs, since the test-cases
+show how the type behave.
+
+Later...
+"""
+
+from ctypes import *
+import sys, unittest
+
+try:
+    WINFUNCTYPE
+except NameError:
+    # fake to enable this test on Linux
+    WINFUNCTYPE = CFUNCTYPE
+
+import _ctypes_test
+dll = cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    windll = windll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+
+class FunctionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_mro(self):
+        # in Python 2.3, this raises TypeError: MRO conflict among bases classes,
+        # in Python 2.2 it works.
+        #
+        # But in early versions of _ctypes.c, the result of tp_new
+        # wasn't checked, and it even crashed Python.
+        # Found by Greg Chapman.
+        
+        try:
+            class X(object, Array):
+                _length_ = 5
+                _type_ = "i"
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+                
+
+        from _ctypes import _Pointer
+        try:
+            class X(object, _Pointer):
+                pass
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+        from _ctypes import _SimpleCData
+        try:
+            class X(object, _SimpleCData):
+                _type_ = "i"
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            class X(object, Structure):
+                _fields_ = []
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+
+    def test_wchar_parm(self):
+        try:
+            c_wchar
+        except NameError:
+            return
+        f = dll._testfunc_i_bhilfd
+        f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_wchar, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double]
+        result = f(1, u"x", 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, 139)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(type(result), int)
+
+    def test_wchar_result(self):
+        try:
+            c_wchar
+        except NameError:
+            return
+        f = dll._testfunc_i_bhilfd
+        f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double]
+        f.restype = c_wchar
+        result = f(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, u'\x00')
+
+    def test_voidresult(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_v
+        f.restype = None
+        f.argtypes = [c_int, c_int, POINTER(c_int)]
+        result = c_int()
+        self.failUnlessEqual(None, f(1, 2, byref(result)))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result.value, 3)
+
+    def test_intresult(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_i_bhilfd
+        f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double]
+        result = f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, 21)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(type(result), int)
+
+        result = f(-1, -2, -3, -4, -5.0, -6.0)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, -21)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(type(result), int)
+
+        # If we declare the function to return a short,
+        # is the high part split off?
+        f.restype = c_short
+        result = f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, 21)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(type(result), int)
+        
+        result = f(1, 2, 3, 0x10004, 5.0, 6.0)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, 21)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(type(result), int)
+
+        # You cannot assing character format codes as restype any longer
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, f, "restype", "i")
+
+    def test_floatresult(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_f_bhilfd
+        f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double]
+        f.restype = c_float
+        result = f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, 21)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(type(result), float)
+
+        result = f(-1, -2, -3, -4, -5.0, -6.0)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, -21)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(type(result), float)
+        
+    def test_doubleresult(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_d_bhilfd
+        f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double]
+        f.restype = c_double
+        result = f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, 21)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(type(result), float)
+
+        result = f(-1, -2, -3, -4, -5.0, -6.0)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, -21)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(type(result), float)
+        
+    def test_longlongresult(self):
+        try:
+            c_longlong
+        except NameError:
+            return
+        f = dll._testfunc_q_bhilfd
+        f.restype = c_longlong
+        f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double]
+        result = f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, 21)
+
+        f = dll._testfunc_q_bhilfdq
+        f.restype = c_longlong
+        f.argtypes = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_float, c_double, c_longlong]
+        result = f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5.0, 6.0, 21)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, 42)
+
+    def test_stringresult(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_p_p
+        f.argtypes = None
+        f.restype = c_char_p
+        result = f("123")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, "123")
+
+        result = f(None)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, None)
+
+    def test_pointers(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_p_p
+        f.restype = POINTER(c_int)
+        f.argtypes = [POINTER(c_int)]
+
+        # This only works if the value c_int(42) passed to the
+        # function is still alive while the pointer (the result) is
+        # used.
+
+        v = c_int(42)
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(pointer(v).contents.value, 42)
+        result = f(pointer(v))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(type(result), POINTER(c_int))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result.contents.value, 42)
+
+        # This on works...
+        result = f(pointer(v))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result.contents.value, v.value)
+
+        p = pointer(c_int(99))
+        result = f(p)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result.contents.value, 99)
+
+        arg = byref(v)
+        result = f(arg)
+        self.failIfEqual(result.contents, v.value)
+
+        self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, f, byref(c_short(22)))
+
+        # It is dangerous, however, because you don't control the lifetime
+        # of the pointer:
+        result = f(byref(c_int(99)))
+        self.failIfEqual(result.contents, 99)
+
+    def test_errors(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_p_p
+        f.restype = c_int
+
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("y", c_int)]
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, f, X()) #cannot convert parameter
+
+    ################################################################
+    def test_shorts(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_callback_i_if
+
+        args = []
+        expected = [262144, 131072, 65536, 32768, 16384, 8192, 4096, 2048,
+                    1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1]
+
+        def callback(v):
+            args.append(v)
+
+        CallBack = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)
+
+        cb = CallBack(callback)
+        f(2**18, cb)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(args, expected)
+
+    ################################################################
+        
+
+    def test_callbacks(self):
+        f = dll._testfunc_callback_i_if
+        f.restype = c_int
+
+        MyCallback = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)
+
+        def callback(value):
+            #print "called back with", value
+            return value
+        
+        cb = MyCallback(callback)
+        result = f(-10, cb)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, -18)
+
+        # test with prototype
+        f.argtypes = [c_int, MyCallback]
+        cb = MyCallback(callback)
+        result = f(-10, cb)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, -18)
+                
+        AnotherCallback = WINFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int)
+
+        # check that the prototype works: we call f with wrong
+        # argument types
+        cb = AnotherCallback(callback)
+        self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, f, -10, cb)
+
+
+    def test_callbacks_2(self):
+        # Can also use simple datatypes as argument type specifiers
+        # for the callback function.
+        # In this case the call receives an instance of that type
+        f = dll._testfunc_callback_i_if
+        f.restype = c_int
+
+        MyCallback = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)
+
+        f.argtypes = [c_int, MyCallback]
+
+        def callback(value):
+            #print "called back with", value
+            self.failUnlessEqual(type(value), int)
+            return value
+        
+        cb = MyCallback(callback)
+        result = f(-10, cb)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, -18)
+
+    def test_longlong_callbacks(self):
+
+        f = dll._testfunc_callback_q_qf
+        f.restype = c_longlong
+
+        MyCallback = CFUNCTYPE(c_longlong, c_longlong)
+
+        f.argtypes = [c_longlong, MyCallback]
+
+        def callback(value):
+            self.failUnless(isinstance(value, (int, long)))
+            return value & 0x7FFFFFFF
+
+        cb = MyCallback(callback)
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(13577625587, f(1000000000000, cb))
+
+    def test_errors(self):
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, dll, "_xxx_yyy")
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, c_int.in_dll, dll, "_xxx_yyy")
+
+    def test_byval(self):
+
+        class POINT(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_int), ("y", c_int)]
+
+        # without prototype
+        ptin = POINT(1, 2)
+        ptout = POINT()
+        # EXPORT int _testfunc_byval(point in, point *pout)
+        result = dll._testfunc_byval(ptin, byref(ptout))
+        got = result, ptout.x, ptout.y
+        expected = 3, 1, 2
+        self.failUnlessEqual(got, expected)
+
+        # with prototype
+        ptin = POINT(101, 102)
+        ptout = POINT()
+        dll._testfunc_byval.argtypes = (POINT, POINTER(POINT))
+        dll._testfunc_byval.restype = c_int
+        result = dll._testfunc_byval(ptin, byref(ptout))
+        got = result, ptout.x, ptout.y
+        expected = 203, 101, 102
+        self.failUnlessEqual(got, expected)
+
+    def test_struct_return_2H(self):
+        class S2H(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_short),
+                        ("y", c_short)]
+        dll.ret_2h_func.restype = S2H
+        dll.ret_2h_func.argtypes = [S2H]
+        inp = S2H(99, 88)
+        s2h = dll.ret_2h_func(inp)
+        self.failUnlessEqual((s2h.x, s2h.y), (99*2, 88*3))
+
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        def test_struct_return_2H_stdcall(self):
+            class S2H(Structure):
+                _fields_ = [("x", c_short),
+                            ("y", c_short)]
+
+            windll.s_ret_2h_func.restype = S2H
+            windll.s_ret_2h_func.argtypes = [S2H]
+            s2h = windll.s_ret_2h_func(S2H(99, 88))
+            self.failUnlessEqual((s2h.x, s2h.y), (99*2, 88*3))
+
+    def test_struct_return_8H(self):
+        class S8I(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int),
+                        ("b", c_int),
+                        ("c", c_int),
+                        ("d", c_int),
+                        ("e", c_int),
+                        ("f", c_int),
+                        ("g", c_int),
+                        ("h", c_int)]
+        dll.ret_8i_func.restype = S8I
+        dll.ret_8i_func.argtypes = [S8I]
+        inp = S8I(9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2)
+        s8i = dll.ret_8i_func(inp)
+        self.failUnlessEqual((s8i.a, s8i.b, s8i.c, s8i.d, s8i.e, s8i.f, s8i.g, s8i.h),
+                             (9*2, 8*3, 7*4, 6*5, 5*6, 4*7, 3*8, 2*9))
+
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        def test_struct_return_8H_stdcall(self):
+            class S8I(Structure):
+                _fields_ = [("a", c_int),
+                            ("b", c_int),
+                            ("c", c_int),
+                            ("d", c_int),
+                            ("e", c_int),
+                            ("f", c_int),
+                            ("g", c_int),
+                            ("h", c_int)]
+            windll.s_ret_8i_func.restype = S8I
+            windll.s_ret_8i_func.argtypes = [S8I]
+            inp = S8I(9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2)
+            s8i = windll.s_ret_8i_func(inp)
+            self.failUnlessEqual((s8i.a, s8i.b, s8i.c, s8i.d, s8i.e, s8i.f, s8i.g, s8i.h),
+                                 (9*2, 8*3, 7*4, 6*5, 5*6, 4*7, 3*8, 2*9))
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_incomplete.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_incomplete.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af9f504f7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_incomplete.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+
+################################################################
+#
+# The incomplete pointer example from the tutorial
+#
+
+class MyTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_incomplete_example(self):
+        lpcell = POINTER("cell")
+        class cell(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("name", c_char_p),
+                        ("next", lpcell)]
+
+        SetPointerType(lpcell, cell)
+
+        c1 = cell()
+        c1.name = "foo"
+        c2 = cell()
+        c2.name = "bar"
+
+        c1.next = pointer(c2)
+        c2.next = pointer(c1)
+
+        p = c1
+
+        result = []
+        for i in range(8):
+            result.append(p.name)
+            p = p.next[0]
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, ["foo", "bar"] * 4)
+
+        # to not leak references, we must clean _pointer_type_cache
+        from ctypes import _pointer_type_cache
+        del _pointer_type_cache[cell]
+
+################################################################
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_init.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_init.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3d9dc92109
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_init.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+from ctypes import *
+import unittest
+
+class X(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("a", c_int),
+                ("b", c_int)]
+    new_was_called = False
+
+    def __new__(cls):
+        result = super(X, cls).__new__(cls)
+        result.new_was_called = True
+        return result
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.a = 9
+        self.b = 12
+
+class Y(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("x", X)]
+
+
+class InitTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_get(self):
+        # make sure the only accessing a nested structure
+        # doesn't call the structure's __new__ and __init__
+        y = Y()
+        self.failUnlessEqual((y.x.a, y.x.b), (0, 0))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(y.x.new_was_called, False)
+
+        # But explicitely creating an X structure calls __new__ and __init__, of course.
+        x = X()
+        self.failUnlessEqual((x.a, x.b), (9, 12))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(x.new_was_called, True)
+
+        y.x = x
+        self.failUnlessEqual((y.x.a, y.x.b), (9, 12))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(y.x.new_was_called, False)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_integers.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_integers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5b6453a002
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_integers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# superseeded by test_numbers.py
+import unittest
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_internals.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_internals.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..04b2040398
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_internals.py
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# This tests the internal _objects attribute
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+from sys import getrefcount as grc
+
+# XXX This test must be reviewed for correctness!!!
+
+"""
+ctypes' types are container types.
+
+They have an internal memory block, which only consists of some bytes,
+but it has to keep references to other objects as well. This is not
+really needed for trivial C types like int or char, but it is important
+for aggregate types like strings or pointers in particular.
+
+What about pointers?
+
+"""
+
+class ObjectsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def failUnlessSame(self, a, b):
+        self.failUnlessEqual(id(a), id(b))
+
+    def test_ints(self):
+        i = 42000123
+        self.failUnlessEqual(3, grc(i))
+        ci = c_int(i)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(3, grc(i))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(ci._objects, None)
+
+    def test_c_char_p(self):
+        s = "Hello, World"
+        self.failUnlessEqual(3, grc(s))
+        cs = c_char_p(s)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(4, grc(s))
+        self.failUnlessSame(cs._objects, s)
+
+    def test_simple_struct(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int), ("b", c_int)]
+
+        a = 421234
+        b = 421235
+        x = X()
+        self.failUnlessEqual(x._objects, None)
+        x.a = a
+        x.b = b
+        self.failUnlessEqual(x._objects, None)
+
+    def test_embedded_structs(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int), ("b", c_int)]
+
+        class Y(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", X), ("y", X)]
+
+        y = Y()
+        self.failUnlessEqual(y._objects, None)
+
+        x1, x2 = X(), X()
+        y.x, y.y = x1, x2
+        self.failUnlessEqual(y._objects, {"0": {}, "1": {}})
+        x1.a, x2.b = 42, 93
+        self.failUnlessEqual(y._objects, {"0": {}, "1": {}})
+
+    def test_xxx(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_char_p), ("b", c_char_p)]
+
+        class Y(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", X), ("y", X)]
+
+        s1 = "Hello, World"
+        s2 = "Hallo, Welt"
+
+        x = X()
+        x.a = s1
+        x.b = s2
+        self.failUnlessEqual(x._objects, {"0": s1, "1": s2})
+
+        y = Y()
+        y.x = x
+        self.failUnlessEqual(y._objects, {"0": {"0": s1, "1": s2}})
+##        x = y.x
+##        del y
+##        print x._b_base_._objects
+
+    def test_ptr_struct(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("data", POINTER(c_int))]
+
+        A = c_int*4
+        a = A(11, 22, 33, 44)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(a._objects, None)
+
+        x = X()
+        x.data = a
+##XXX        print x._objects
+##XXX        print x.data[0]
+##XXX        print x.data._objects
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_keeprefs.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_keeprefs.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5311f9882e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_keeprefs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+from ctypes import *
+import unittest
+
+class SimpleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_cint(self):
+        x = c_int()
+        self.assertEquals(x._objects, None)
+        x.value = 42
+        self.assertEquals(x._objects, None)
+        x = c_int(99)
+        self.assertEquals(x._objects, None)
+
+    def test_ccharp(self):
+        x = c_char_p()
+        self.assertEquals(x._objects, None)
+        x.value = "abc"
+        self.assertEquals(x._objects, "abc")
+        x = c_char_p("spam")
+        self.assertEquals(x._objects, "spam")
+
+class StructureTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_cint_struct(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int),
+                        ("b", c_int)]
+
+        x = X()
+        self.assertEquals(x._objects, None)
+        x.a = 42
+        x.b = 99
+        self.assertEquals(x._objects, None)
+
+    def test_ccharp_struct(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_char_p),
+                        ("b", c_char_p)]
+        x = X()
+        self.assertEquals(x._objects, None)
+
+        x.a = "spam"
+        x.b = "foo"
+        self.assertEquals(x._objects, {"0": "spam", "1": "foo"})
+
+    def test_struct_struct(self):
+        class POINT(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_int), ("y", c_int)]
+        class RECT(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("ul", POINT), ("lr", POINT)]
+
+        r = RECT()
+        r.ul.x = 0
+        r.ul.y = 1
+        r.lr.x = 2
+        r.lr.y = 3
+        self.assertEquals(r._objects, None)
+
+        r = RECT()
+        pt = POINT(1, 2)
+        r.ul = pt
+        self.assertEquals(r._objects, {'0': {}})
+        r.ul.x = 22
+        r.ul.y = 44
+        self.assertEquals(r._objects, {'0': {}})
+
+class ArrayTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_cint_array(self):
+        INTARR = c_int * 3
+
+        ia = INTARR()
+        self.assertEquals(ia._objects, None)
+        ia[0] = 1
+        ia[1] = 2
+        ia[2] = 3
+        self.assertEquals(ia._objects, None)
+
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_int),
+                        ("a", INTARR)]
+
+        x = X()
+        x.x = 1000
+        x.a[0] = 42
+        x.a[1] = 96
+        self.assertEquals(x._objects, None)
+        x.a = ia
+        self.assertEquals(x._objects, {'1': {}})
+
+class PointerTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def X_test_p_cint(self):
+        x = pointer(c_int(42))
+        print x._objects
+
+class DeletePointerTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def X_test(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("p", POINTER(c_char_p))]
+        x = X()
+        i = c_char_p("abc def")
+        from sys import getrefcount as grc
+        print "2?", grc(i)
+        x.p = pointer(i)
+        print "3?", grc(i)
+        for i in range(320):
+            c_int(99)
+            x.p[0]
+        print x.p[0]
+##        del x
+##        print "2?", grc(i)
+##        del i
+        import gc
+        gc.collect()
+        for i in range(320):
+            c_int(99)
+            x.p[0]
+        print x.p[0]
+        print x.p.contents
+##        print x._objects
+
+        x.p[0] = "spam spam"
+##        print x.p[0]
+        print "+" * 42
+        print x._objects
+
+class PointerToStructure(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test(self):
+        class POINT(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_int), ("y", c_int)]
+        class RECT(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", POINTER(POINT)),
+                        ("b", POINTER(POINT))]
+        r = RECT()
+        p1 = POINT(1, 2)
+    
+        r.a = pointer(p1)
+        r.b = pointer(p1)
+##        from pprint import pprint as pp
+##        pp(p1._objects)
+##        pp(r._objects)
+
+        r.a[0].x = 42
+        r.a[0].y = 99
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_leaks.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_leaks.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c1a44bbf61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_leaks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+import unittest, sys, gc
+from ctypes import *
+from ctypes import _pointer_type_cache
+
+class LeakTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    ################
+
+    def make_noncyclic_structures(self, repeat):
+        for i in xrange(repeat):
+            class POINT(Structure):
+                _fields_ = [("x", c_int), ("y", c_int)]
+            class RECT(Structure):
+                _fields_ = [("ul", POINT),
+                            ("br", POINT)]
+
+    if hasattr(sys, "gettotalrefcount"):
+
+        def test_no_cycles_refcount(self):
+            last_refcount = 0
+            for x in xrange(20):
+                self.make_noncyclic_structures(1000)
+                while gc.collect():
+                    pass
+                total_refcount = sys.gettotalrefcount()
+                if last_refcount >= total_refcount:
+                    return # test passed
+                last_refcount = total_refcount
+            self.fail("leaking refcounts")
+
+    def test_no_cycles_objcount(self):
+        # not correct - gc.get_objects() returns only thos objects
+        # that the garbage collector tracks.  Correct would be to use
+        # sys.getobjects(), but this is only available in debug build.
+        last_objcount = 0
+        for x in xrange(20):
+            self.make_noncyclic_structures(1000)
+            while gc.collect():
+                pass
+            total_objcount = gc.get_objects()
+            if last_objcount >= total_objcount:
+                return # test passed
+            last_objcount = total_objcount
+        self.fail("leaking objects")
+
+    ################
+
+    def make_cyclic_structures(self, repeat):
+        for i in xrange(repeat):
+            PLIST = POINTER("LIST")
+            class LIST(Structure):
+                _fields_ = [("pnext", PLIST)]
+            SetPointerType(PLIST, LIST)
+            del _pointer_type_cache[LIST] # XXX should this be a weakkeydict?
+
+    if hasattr(sys, "gettotalrefcount"):
+
+        def test_cycles_refcount(self):
+            last_refcount = 0
+            for x in xrange(5):
+                self.make_cyclic_structures(1000)
+                while gc.collect():
+                    pass
+                total_refcount = sys.gettotalrefcount()
+                if last_refcount >= total_refcount:
+                    return
+                last_refcount = total_refcount
+            self.fail("leaking refcounts")
+
+    else:
+
+        def test_cycles_objcount(self):
+            # not correct - gc.get_objects() returns only thos objects
+            # that the garbage collector tracks.  Correct would be to use
+            # sys.getobjects(), but this is only available in debug build.
+            last_objcount = 0
+            for x in xrange(8):
+                self.make_cyclic_structures(1000)
+                while gc.collect():
+                    pass
+                total_objcount = len(gc.get_objects())
+                if last_objcount >= total_objcount:
+                    return
+                last_objcount = total_objcount
+            self.fail("leaking objects")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_libc.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_libc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8fd27890f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_libc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import sys, os
+import unittest
+
+from ctypes import *
+import _ctypes_test
+
+lib = cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+
+class LibTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_sqrt(self):
+        lib.my_sqrt.argtypes = c_double,
+        lib.my_sqrt.restype = c_double
+        self.failUnlessEqual(lib.my_sqrt(4.0), 2.0)
+        import math
+        self.failUnlessEqual(lib.my_sqrt(2.0), math.sqrt(2.0))
+
+    def test_qsort(self):
+        comparefunc = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(c_char), POINTER(c_char))
+        lib.my_qsort.argtypes = c_void_p, c_size_t, c_size_t, comparefunc
+        lib.my_qsort.restype = None
+
+        def sort(a, b):
+            return cmp(a[0], b[0])
+
+        chars = create_string_buffer("spam, spam, and spam")
+        lib.my_qsort(chars, len(chars)-1, sizeof(c_char), comparefunc(sort))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(chars.raw, "   ,,aaaadmmmnpppsss\x00")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_loading.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_loading.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..80564b8295
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_loading.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+from ctypes import *
+import sys, unittest
+import os, StringIO
+
+class LoaderTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    unknowndll = "xxrandomnamexx"
+
+    def test_load(self):
+        if os.name == "nt":
+            name = "msvcrt"
+        elif os.name == "ce":
+            name = "coredll"
+        elif sys.platform == "darwin":
+            name = "libc.dylib"
+        elif sys.platform.startswith("freebsd"):
+            name = "libc.so"
+        elif sys.platform == "sunos5":
+            name = "libc.so"
+        else:
+            name = "libc.so.6"
+        cdll.load(name)
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, cdll.load, self.unknowndll)
+
+    def test_load_version(self):
+        version = "6"
+        name = "c"
+        if sys.platform == "linux2":
+            cdll.load_version(name, version)
+            # linux uses version, libc 9 should not exist
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, cdll.load_version, name, "9")
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, cdll.load_version, self.unknowndll, "")
+
+    if os.name == "posix" and sys.platform != "sunos5":
+        def test_find(self):
+            name = "c"
+            cdll.find(name)
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, cdll.find, self.unknowndll)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_macholib.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_macholib.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f171589ead
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_macholib.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import unittest
+
+# Bob Ippolito:
+"""
+Ok.. the code to find the filename for __getattr__ should look
+something like:
+
+import os
+from macholib.dyld import dyld_find
+
+def find_lib(name):
+     possible = ['lib'+name+'.dylib', name+'.dylib',
+     name+'.framework/'+name]
+     for dylib in possible:
+         try:
+             return os.path.realpath(dyld_find(dylib))
+         except ValueError:
+             pass
+     raise ValueError, "%s not found" % (name,)
+
+It'll have output like this:
+
+ >>> find_lib('pthread')
+'/usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib'
+ >>> find_lib('z')
+'/usr/lib/libz.1.dylib'
+ >>> find_lib('IOKit')
+'/System/Library/Frameworks/IOKit.framework/Versions/A/IOKit'
+
+-bob
+
+"""
+
+from ctypes.macholib.dyld import dyld_find
+
+def find_lib(name):
+     possible = ['lib'+name+'.dylib', name+'.dylib', name+'.framework/'+name]
+     for dylib in possible:
+         try:
+             return os.path.realpath(dyld_find(dylib))
+         except ValueError:
+             pass
+     raise ValueError, "%s not found" % (name,)
+
+class MachOTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    if sys.platform == "darwin":
+        def test_find(self):
+
+            self.failUnlessEqual(find_lib('pthread'),
+                                 '/usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib')
+
+            result = find_lib('z')
+            self.failUnless(result.startswith('/usr/lib/libz.1'))
+            self.failUnless(result.endswith('.dylib'))
+
+            self.failUnlessEqual(find_lib('IOKit'),
+                                 '/System/Library/Frameworks/IOKit.framework/Versions/A/IOKit')
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_memfunctions.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_memfunctions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fbae2ce175
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_memfunctions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import sys
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+
+class MemFunctionsTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_memmove(self):
+        # large buffers apparently increase the chance that the memory
+        # is allocated in high address space.
+        a = create_string_buffer(1000000)
+        p = "Hello, World"
+        result = memmove(a, p, len(p))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(a.value, "Hello, World")
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(string_at(result), "Hello, World")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(string_at(result, 5), "Hello")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(string_at(result, 16), "Hello, World\0\0\0\0")
+
+    def test_memset(self):
+        a = create_string_buffer(1000000)
+        result = memset(a, ord('x'), 16)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(a.value, "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx")
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(string_at(result), "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(string_at(a), "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(string_at(a, 20), "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx\0\0\0\0")
+
+    def test_cast(self):
+        a = (c_ubyte * 32)(*map(ord, "abcdef"))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(cast(a, c_char_p).value, "abcdef")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(cast(a, POINTER(c_byte))[:7],
+                             [97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 0])
+
+    def test_string_at(self):
+        s = string_at("foo bar")
+        # XXX The following may be wrong, depending on how Python
+        # manages string instances
+        self.failUnlessEqual(2, sys.getrefcount(s))
+        self.failUnless(s, "foo bar")
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(string_at("foo bar", 8), "foo bar\0")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(string_at("foo bar", 3), "foo")
+
+    try:
+        create_unicode_buffer
+    except NameError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        def test_wstring_at(self):
+            p = create_unicode_buffer("Hello, World")
+            a = create_unicode_buffer(1000000)
+            result = memmove(a, p, len(p) * sizeof(c_wchar))
+            self.failUnlessEqual(a.value, "Hello, World")
+
+            self.failUnlessEqual(wstring_at(a), "Hello, World")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(wstring_at(a, 5), "Hello")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(wstring_at(a, 16), "Hello, World\0\0\0\0")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_numbers.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_numbers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9b4ec73b4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_numbers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+from ctypes import *
+import unittest
+import sys, struct
+
+def valid_ranges(*types):
+    # given a sequence of numeric types, collect their _type_
+    # attribute, which is a single format character compatible with
+    # the struct module, use the struct module to calculate the
+    # minimum and maximum value allowed for this format.
+    # Returns a list of (min, max) values.
+    result = []
+    for t in types:
+        fmt = t._type_
+        size = struct.calcsize(fmt)
+        a = struct.unpack(fmt, ("\x00"*32)[:size])[0]
+        b = struct.unpack(fmt, ("\xFF"*32)[:size])[0]
+        c = struct.unpack(fmt, ("\x7F"+"\x00"*32)[:size])[0]
+        d = struct.unpack(fmt, ("\x80"+"\xFF"*32)[:size])[0]
+        result.append((min(a, b, c, d), max(a, b, c, d)))
+    return result
+
+ArgType = type(c_int(0)._as_parameter_)
+
+unsigned_types = [c_ubyte, c_ushort, c_uint, c_ulong]
+signed_types = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_longlong]
+
+float_types = [c_double, c_float]
+
+try:
+    c_ulonglong
+    c_longlong
+except NameError:
+    pass
+else:
+    unsigned_types.append(c_ulonglong)
+    signed_types.append(c_longlong)
+    
+unsigned_ranges = valid_ranges(*unsigned_types)
+signed_ranges = valid_ranges(*signed_types)
+
+################################################################
+
+class NumberTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    
+    def test_default_init(self):
+        # default values are set to zero
+        for t in signed_types + unsigned_types + float_types:
+            self.failUnlessEqual(t().value, 0)
+
+    def test_unsigned_values(self):
+        # the value given to the constructor is available
+        # as the 'value' attribute
+        for t, (l, h) in zip(unsigned_types, unsigned_ranges):
+            self.failUnlessEqual(t(l).value, l)
+            self.failUnlessEqual(t(h).value, h)
+
+    def test_signed_values(self):
+        # see above
+        for t, (l, h) in zip(signed_types, signed_ranges):
+            self.failUnlessEqual(t(l).value, l)
+            self.failUnlessEqual(t(h).value, h)
+
+    def test_typeerror(self):
+        # Only numbers are allowed in the contructor,
+        # otherwise TypeError is raised
+        for t in signed_types + unsigned_types + float_types:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, t, "")
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, t, None)
+
+##    def test_valid_ranges(self):
+##        # invalid values of the correct type
+##        # raise ValueError (not OverflowError)
+##        for t, (l, h) in zip(unsigned_types, unsigned_ranges):
+##            self.assertRaises(ValueError, t, l-1)
+##            self.assertRaises(ValueError, t, h+1)
+
+    def test_from_param(self):
+        # the from_param class method attribute always
+        # returns PyCArgObject instances
+        for t in signed_types + unsigned_types + float_types:
+            self.failUnlessEqual(ArgType, type(t.from_param(0)))
+
+    def test_as_parameter(self):
+        # The _as_parameter_ property must also
+        # be a PyCArgObject instance
+        for t in signed_types + unsigned_types + float_types:
+            parm = t()._as_parameter_
+            self.failUnlessEqual(ArgType, type(parm))
+
+            # _as_parameter_ is readonly!
+            #
+            # Python 2.3 and 2.4 raise a TypeError when trying to set
+            # a readonly attribute, 2.5 raises an AttributeError.
+            self.assertRaises((AttributeError, TypeError), setattr, t(), "_as_parameter_", None)
+
+    def test_byref(self):
+        # calling byref returns also a PyCArgObject instance
+        for t in signed_types + unsigned_types + float_types:
+            parm = byref(t())
+            self.failUnlessEqual(ArgType, type(parm))
+
+
+    def test_floats(self):
+        # c_float and c_double can be created from
+        # Python int, long and float
+        for t in float_types:
+            self.failUnlessEqual(t(2.0).value, 2.0)
+            self.failUnlessEqual(t(2).value, 2.0)
+            self.failUnlessEqual(t(2L).value, 2.0)
+
+    def test_integers(self):
+        # integers cannot be constructed from floats
+        for t in signed_types + unsigned_types:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, t, 3.14)
+
+    def test_sizes(self):
+        for t in signed_types + unsigned_types + float_types:
+            size = struct.calcsize(t._type_)
+            # sizeof of the type...
+            self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(t), size)
+            # and sizeof of an instance
+            self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(t()), size)
+
+    def test_alignments(self):
+        for t in signed_types + unsigned_types + float_types:
+            code = t._type_ # the typecode
+            align = struct.calcsize("c%c" % code) - struct.calcsize(code)
+
+            # alignment of the type...
+            self.failUnlessEqual((code, alignment(t)),
+                                 (code, align))
+            # and alignment of an instance
+            self.failUnlessEqual((code, alignment(t())),
+                                 (code, align))
+            
+    def test_int_from_address(self):
+        from array import array
+        for t in signed_types + unsigned_types:
+            # the array module doesn't suppport all format codes
+            # (no 'q' or 'Q')
+            try:
+                array(t._type_)
+            except ValueError:
+                continue
+            a = array(t._type_, [100])
+
+            # v now is an integer at an 'external' memory location
+            v = t.from_address(a.buffer_info()[0])
+            self.failUnlessEqual(v.value, a[0])
+            self.failUnlessEqual(type(v), t)
+
+            # changing the value at the memory location changes v's value also
+            a[0] = 42
+            self.failUnlessEqual(v.value, a[0])
+            
+
+    def test_float_from_address(self):
+        from array import array
+        for t in float_types:
+            a = array(t._type_, [3.14])
+            v = t.from_address(a.buffer_info()[0])
+            self.failUnlessEqual(v.value, a[0])
+            self.failUnless(type(v) is t)
+            a[0] = 2.3456e17
+            self.failUnlessEqual(v.value, a[0])
+            self.failUnless(type(v) is t)
+
+    def test_char_from_address(self):
+        from ctypes import c_char
+        from array import array
+        
+        a = array('c', 'x')
+        v = c_char.from_address(a.buffer_info()[0])
+        self.failUnlessEqual(v.value, a[0])
+        self.failUnless(type(v) is c_char)
+
+        a[0] = '?'
+        self.failUnlessEqual(v.value, a[0])
+
+    def test_init(self):
+        # c_int() can be initialized from Python's int, and c_int.
+        # Not from c_long or so, which seems strange, abd should
+        # probably be changed:
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_int, c_long(42))
+
+##    def test_perf(self):
+##        check_perf()
+        
+from ctypes import _SimpleCData
+class c_int_S(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "i"
+    __slots__ = []
+
+def run_test(rep, msg, func, arg=None):
+##    items = [None] * rep
+    items = range(rep)
+    from time import clock
+    if arg is not None:
+        start = clock()
+        for i in items:
+            func(arg); func(arg); func(arg); func(arg); func(arg)
+        stop = clock()
+    else:
+        start = clock()
+        for i in items:
+            func(); func(); func(); func(); func()
+        stop = clock()
+    print "%15s: %.2f us" % (msg, ((stop-start)*1e6/5/rep))
+
+def check_perf():
+    # Construct 5 objects
+    from ctypes import c_int
+
+    REP = 200000
+
+    run_test(REP, "int()", int)
+    run_test(REP, "int(999)", int)
+    run_test(REP, "c_int()", c_int)
+    run_test(REP, "c_int(999)", c_int)
+    run_test(REP, "c_int_S()", c_int_S)
+    run_test(REP, "c_int_S(999)", c_int_S)
+
+# Python 2.3 -OO, win2k, P4 700 MHz:
+#
+#          int(): 0.87 us
+#       int(999): 0.87 us
+#        c_int(): 3.35 us
+#     c_int(999): 3.34 us
+#      c_int_S(): 3.23 us
+#   c_int_S(999): 3.24 us    
+
+# Python 2.2 -OO, win2k, P4 700 MHz:
+#
+#          int(): 0.89 us
+#       int(999): 0.89 us
+#        c_int(): 9.99 us
+#     c_int(999): 10.02 us
+#      c_int_S(): 9.87 us
+#   c_int_S(999): 9.85 us
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+##    check_perf()
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_parameters.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_parameters.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b788f3a88e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_parameters.py
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+import unittest, sys
+
+class SimpleTypesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        import ctypes
+        try:
+            from _ctypes import set_conversion_mode
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.prev_conv_mode = set_conversion_mode("ascii", "strict")
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        try:
+            from _ctypes import set_conversion_mode
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            set_conversion_mode(*self.prev_conv_mode)
+        
+
+    def test_subclasses(self):
+        from ctypes import c_void_p, c_char_p
+        # ctypes 0.9.5 and before did overwrite from_param in SimpleType_new
+        class CVOIDP(c_void_p):
+            def from_param(cls, value):
+                return value * 2
+            from_param = classmethod(from_param)
+
+        class CCHARP(c_char_p):
+            def from_param(cls, value):
+                return value * 4
+            from_param = classmethod(from_param)
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(CVOIDP.from_param("abc"), "abcabc")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(CCHARP.from_param("abc"), "abcabcabcabc")
+
+        try:
+            from ctypes import c_wchar_p
+        except ImportError:
+            return
+
+        class CWCHARP(c_wchar_p):
+            def from_param(cls, value):
+                return value * 3
+            from_param = classmethod(from_param)
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(CWCHARP.from_param("abc"), "abcabcabc")
+
+    # XXX Replace by c_char_p tests
+    def test_cstrings(self):
+        from ctypes import c_char_p, byref
+
+        # c_char_p.from_param on a Python String packs the string
+        # into a cparam object
+        s = "123"
+        self.failUnless(c_char_p.from_param(s)._obj is s)
+
+        # new in 0.9.1: convert (encode) unicode to ascii
+        self.failUnlessEqual(c_char_p.from_param(u"123")._obj, "123")
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeEncodeError, c_char_p.from_param, u"123\377")
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_char_p.from_param, 42)
+
+        # calling c_char_p.from_param with a c_char_p instance
+        # returns the argument itself:
+        a = c_char_p("123")
+        self.failUnless(c_char_p.from_param(a) is a)
+
+    def test_cw_strings(self):
+        from ctypes import byref
+        try:
+            from ctypes import c_wchar_p
+        except ImportError:
+##            print "(No c_wchar_p)"
+            return
+        s = u"123"
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            self.failUnless(c_wchar_p.from_param(s)._obj is s)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_wchar_p.from_param, 42)
+
+            # new in 0.9.1: convert (decode) ascii to unicode
+            self.failUnlessEqual(c_wchar_p.from_param("123")._obj, u"123")
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError, c_wchar_p.from_param, "123\377")
+
+        pa = c_wchar_p.from_param(c_wchar_p(u"123"))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(type(pa), c_wchar_p)
+
+    def test_int_pointers(self):
+        from ctypes import c_short, c_uint, c_int, c_long, POINTER, pointer
+        LPINT = POINTER(c_int)
+
+##        p = pointer(c_int(42))
+##        x = LPINT.from_param(p)
+        x = LPINT.from_param(pointer(c_int(42)))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(x.contents.value, 42)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(LPINT(c_int(42)).contents.value, 42)
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(LPINT.from_param(None), 0)
+
+        if c_int != c_long:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, pointer(c_long(42)))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, pointer(c_uint(42)))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, pointer(c_short(42)))
+
+    def test_byref_pointer(self):
+        # The from_param class method of POINTER(typ) classes accepts what is
+        # returned by byref(obj), it type(obj) == typ
+        from ctypes import c_short, c_uint, c_int, c_long, pointer, POINTER, byref
+        LPINT = POINTER(c_int)
+
+        LPINT.from_param(byref(c_int(42)))
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, byref(c_short(22)))
+        if c_int != c_long:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, byref(c_long(22)))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, byref(c_uint(22)))
+
+    def test_byref_pointerpointer(self):
+        # See above
+        from ctypes import c_short, c_uint, c_int, c_long, pointer, POINTER, byref
+
+        LPLPINT = POINTER(POINTER(c_int))
+        LPLPINT.from_param(byref(pointer(c_int(42))))
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPLPINT.from_param, byref(pointer(c_short(22))))
+        if c_int != c_long:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPLPINT.from_param, byref(pointer(c_long(22))))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPLPINT.from_param, byref(pointer(c_uint(22))))
+
+    def test_array_pointers(self):
+        from ctypes import c_short, c_uint, c_int, c_long, POINTER
+        INTARRAY = c_int * 3
+        ia = INTARRAY()
+        self.failUnlessEqual(len(ia), 3)
+        self.failUnlessEqual([ia[i] for i in range(3)], [0, 0, 0])
+
+        # Pointers are only compatible with arrays containing items of
+        # the same type!
+        LPINT = POINTER(c_int)
+        LPINT.from_param((c_int*3)())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, c_short*3)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, c_long*3)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LPINT.from_param, c_uint*3)
+
+##    def test_performance(self):
+##        check_perf()
+
+################################################################
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_pointers.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_pointers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6b17eda5bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_pointers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+import unittest
+
+from ctypes import *
+import _ctypes_test
+
+ctype_types = [c_byte, c_ubyte, c_short, c_ushort, c_int, c_uint,
+                 c_long, c_ulong, c_longlong, c_ulonglong, c_double, c_float]
+python_types = [int, int, int, int, int, long,
+                int, long, long, long, float, float]
+
+class PointersTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_pointer_crash(self):
+        
+        class A(POINTER(c_ulong)):
+            pass
+
+        POINTER(c_ulong)(c_ulong(22))
+        # Pointer can't set contents: has no _type_
+        self.failUnlessRaises(TypeError, A, c_ulong(33))
+
+    def test_pass_pointers(self):
+        dll = cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        func = dll._testfunc_p_p
+        func.restype = c_long
+
+        i = c_int(12345678)
+##        func.argtypes = (POINTER(c_int),)
+        address = func(byref(i))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(c_int.from_address(address).value, 12345678)
+
+        func.restype = POINTER(c_int)
+        res = func(pointer(i))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(res.contents.value, 12345678)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(res[0], 12345678)
+
+    def test_change_pointers(self):
+        dll = cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        func = dll._testfunc_p_p
+
+        i = c_int(87654)
+        func.restype = POINTER(c_int)
+        func.argtypes = (POINTER(c_int),)
+
+        res = func(pointer(i))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(res[0], 87654)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(res.contents.value, 87654)
+
+        # C code: *res = 54345
+        res[0] = 54345
+        self.failUnlessEqual(i.value, 54345)
+
+        # C code:
+        #   int x = 12321;
+        #   res = &x
+        res.contents = c_int(12321)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(i.value, 54345)
+
+    def test_callbacks_with_pointers(self):
+        # a function type receiving a pointer
+        PROTOTYPE = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(c_int))
+
+        self.result = []
+
+        def func(arg):
+            for i in range(10):
+##                print arg[i],
+                self.result.append(arg[i])
+##            print
+            return 0
+        callback = PROTOTYPE(func)
+
+        dll = cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        # This function expects a function pointer,
+        # and calls this with an integer pointer as parameter.
+        # The int pointer points to a table containing the numbers 1..10
+        doit = dll._testfunc_callback_with_pointer
+
+##        i = c_int(42)
+##        callback(byref(i))
+##        self.failUnless(i.value == 84)
+
+        doit(callback)
+##        print self.result
+        doit(callback)
+##        print self.result
+        
+    def test_basics(self):
+        from operator import delitem
+        for ct, pt in zip(ctype_types, python_types):
+            i = ct(42)
+            p = pointer(i)
+##            print type(p.contents), ct
+            self.failUnless(type(p.contents) is ct)
+            # p.contents is the same as p[0]
+##            print p.contents
+##            self.failUnless(p.contents == 42)
+##            self.failUnless(p[0] == 42)
+
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, delitem, p, 0)
+
+    def test_from_address(self):
+        from array import array
+        a = array('i', [100, 200, 300, 400, 500])
+        addr = a.buffer_info()[0]
+
+        p = POINTER(POINTER(c_int))
+##        print dir(p)
+##        print p.from_address
+##        print p.from_address(addr)[0][0]
+
+    def test_other(self):
+        class Table(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int),
+                        ("b", c_int),
+                        ("c", c_int)]
+
+        pt = pointer(Table(1, 2, 3))
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(pt.contents.a, 1)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(pt.contents.b, 2)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(pt.contents.c, 3)
+
+        pt.contents.c = 33
+
+        from ctypes import _pointer_type_cache
+        del _pointer_type_cache[Table]
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        p = pointer(c_int(42))
+        # Although a pointer can be indexed, it ha no length
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, len, p)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(p[0], 42)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(p.contents.value, 42)
+        
+    def test_incomplete(self):
+        lpcell = POINTER("cell")
+        class cell(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("value", c_int),
+                        ("next", lpcell)]
+        SetPointerType(lpcell, cell)
+
+        # Make a structure containing a pointer to itself:
+        c = cell()
+        c.value = 42
+        c.next = pointer(c)
+
+        result = []
+        for i in range(8):
+            result.append(c.value)
+            c = c.next[0]
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, [42] * 8)
+
+        from ctypes import _pointer_type_cache
+        del _pointer_type_cache[cell]
+
+    def test_charpp( self ):
+        """Test that a character pointer-to-pointer is correctly passed"""
+        dll = cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        func = dll._testfunc_c_p_p
+        func.restype = c_char_p
+        argv = (c_char_p * 2)()
+        argc = c_int( 2 )
+        argv[0] = 'hello'
+        argv[1] = 'world'
+        result = func( byref(argc), argv )
+        assert result == 'world', result
+
+    
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_posix.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_posix.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a13ec1afe2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_posix.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import unittest, os, sys
+from ctypes import *
+
+if os.name == "posix" and sys.platform == "linux2":
+    # I don't really know on which platforms this works,
+    # later it should use the find_library stuff to avoid
+    # hardcoding the names.
+
+    class TestRTLD_GLOBAL(unittest.TestCase):
+        def test_GL(self):
+            cdll.load('libGL.so', mode=RTLD_GLOBAL)
+            cdll.load('libGLU.so')
+            
+##if os.name == "posix" and sys.platform != "darwin":
+
+##    # On platforms where the default shared library suffix is '.so',
+##    # at least some libraries can be loaded as attributes of the cdll
+##    # object, since ctypes now tries loading the lib again
+##    # with '.so' appended of the first try fails.
+##    #
+##    # Won't work for libc, unfortunately.  OTOH, it isn't
+##    # needed for libc since this is already mapped into the current
+##    # process (?)
+##    #
+##    # On MAC OSX, it won't work either, because dlopen() needs a full path,
+##    # and the default suffix is either none or '.dylib'.
+
+##    class LoadLibs(unittest.TestCase):
+##        def test_libm(self):
+##            import math
+##            libm = cdll.libm
+##            sqrt = libm.sqrt
+##            sqrt.argtypes = (c_double,)
+##            sqrt.restype = c_double
+##            self.failUnlessEqual(sqrt(2), math.sqrt(2))
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_prototypes.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_prototypes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ffb113bd76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_prototypes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+from ctypes import *
+import unittest
+
+# IMPORTANT INFO:
+#
+# Consider this call:
+#    func.restype = c_char_p
+#    func(c_char_p("123"))
+# It returns
+#    "123"
+#
+# WHY IS THIS SO?
+#
+# argument tuple (c_char_p("123"), ) is destroyed after the function
+# func is called, but NOT before the result is actually built.
+#
+# If the arglist would be destroyed BEFORE the result has been built,
+# the c_char_p("123") object would already have a zero refcount,
+# and the pointer passed to (and returned by) the function would
+# probably point to deallocated space.
+#
+# In this case, there would have to be an additional reference to the argument...
+
+import _ctypes_test
+testdll = cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+
+def c_wbuffer(init):
+    n = len(init) + 1
+    return (c_wchar * n)(*init)
+
+class CharPointersTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
+        func.restype = c_long
+        func.argtypes = None
+
+    def test_int_pointer_arg(self):
+        func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
+        func.restype = c_long
+        self.failUnlessEqual(0, func(0))
+
+        ci = c_int(0)
+
+        func.argtypes = POINTER(c_int),
+        self.failUnlessEqual(addressof(ci), func(byref(ci)))
+        
+        func.argtypes = c_char_p,
+        self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, func, byref(ci))
+
+        func.argtypes = POINTER(c_short),
+        self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, func, byref(ci))
+
+        func.argtypes = POINTER(c_double),
+        self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, func, byref(ci))
+
+    def test_POINTER_c_char_arg(self):
+        func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
+        func.restype = c_char_p
+        func.argtypes = POINTER(c_char),
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(None, func(None))
+        self.failUnlessEqual("123", func("123"))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(None, func(c_char_p(None)))
+        self.failUnlessEqual("123", func(c_char_p("123")))
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual("123", func(c_buffer("123")))
+        ca = c_char("a")
+        self.failUnlessEqual("a", func(pointer(ca))[0])
+        self.failUnlessEqual("a", func(byref(ca))[0])
+
+    def test_c_char_p_arg(self):
+        func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
+        func.restype = c_char_p
+        func.argtypes = c_char_p,
+        
+        self.failUnlessEqual(None, func(None))
+        self.failUnlessEqual("123", func("123"))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(None, func(c_char_p(None)))
+        self.failUnlessEqual("123", func(c_char_p("123")))
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual("123", func(c_buffer("123")))
+        ca = c_char("a")
+        self.failUnlessEqual("a", func(pointer(ca))[0])
+        self.failUnlessEqual("a", func(byref(ca))[0])
+
+    def test_c_void_p_arg(self):
+        func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
+        func.restype = c_char_p
+        func.argtypes = c_void_p,
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(None, func(None))
+        self.failUnlessEqual("123", func("123"))
+        self.failUnlessEqual("123", func(c_char_p("123")))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(None, func(c_char_p(None)))
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual("123", func(c_buffer("123")))
+        ca = c_char("a")
+        self.failUnlessEqual("a", func(pointer(ca))[0])
+        self.failUnlessEqual("a", func(byref(ca))[0])
+
+        func(byref(c_int()))
+        func(pointer(c_int()))
+        func((c_int * 3)())
+
+        try:
+            func.restype = c_wchar_p
+        except NameError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.failUnlessEqual(None, func(c_wchar_p(None)))
+            self.failUnlessEqual(u"123", func(c_wchar_p(u"123")))
+
+##    def test_instance(self):
+##        func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
+
+##        class X:
+##            _as_parameter_ = 0
+
+##        self.failUnlessEqual(0, func(X()))
+
+try:
+    c_wchar
+except NameError:
+    pass
+else:
+    class WCharPointersTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+        def setUp(self):
+            func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
+            func.restype = c_int
+            func.argtypes = None
+
+
+        def test_POINTER_c_wchar_arg(self):
+            func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
+            func.restype = c_wchar_p
+            func.argtypes = POINTER(c_wchar),
+
+            self.failUnlessEqual(None, func(None))
+            self.failUnlessEqual(u"123", func(u"123"))
+            self.failUnlessEqual(None, func(c_wchar_p(None)))
+            self.failUnlessEqual(u"123", func(c_wchar_p(u"123")))
+
+            self.failUnlessEqual(u"123", func(c_wbuffer(u"123")))
+            ca = c_wchar("a")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(u"a", func(pointer(ca))[0])
+            self.failUnlessEqual(u"a", func(byref(ca))[0])
+
+        def test_c_wchar_p_arg(self):
+            func = testdll._testfunc_p_p
+            func.restype = c_wchar_p
+            func.argtypes = c_wchar_p,
+
+            c_wchar_p.from_param(u"123")
+
+            self.failUnlessEqual(None, func(None))
+            self.failUnlessEqual("123", func(u"123"))
+            self.failUnlessEqual(None, func(c_wchar_p(None)))
+            self.failUnlessEqual("123", func(c_wchar_p("123")))
+
+            # XXX Currently, these raise TypeErrors, although they shouldn't:
+            self.failUnlessEqual("123", func(c_wbuffer("123")))
+            ca = c_wchar("a")
+            self.failUnlessEqual("a", func(pointer(ca))[0])
+            self.failUnlessEqual("a", func(byref(ca))[0])
+
+class ArrayTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test(self):
+        func = testdll._testfunc_ai8
+        func.restype = POINTER(c_int)
+        func.argtypes = c_int * 8,
+
+        func((c_int * 8)(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8))
+
+        # This did crash before:
+
+        def func(): pass
+        CFUNCTYPE(None, c_int * 3)(func)
+
+################################################################
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_python_api.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_python_api.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c29b721057
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_python_api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+from ctypes import *
+import unittest, sys
+
+################################################################
+# This section should be moved into ctypes\__init__.py, when it's ready.
+
+from _ctypes import PyObj_FromPtr
+
+################################################################
+
+from sys import getrefcount as grc
+
+
+class PythonAPITestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_PyString_FromStringAndSize(self):
+        PyString_FromStringAndSize = pythonapi.PyString_FromStringAndSize
+
+        PyString_FromStringAndSize.restype = py_object
+        PyString_FromStringAndSize.argtypes = c_char_p, c_int
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(PyString_FromStringAndSize("abcdefghi", 3), "abc")
+
+    def test_PyString_FromString(self):
+        pythonapi.PyString_FromString.restype = py_object
+        pythonapi.PyString_FromString.argtypes = (c_char_p,)
+
+        s = "abc"
+        refcnt = grc(s)
+        pyob = pythonapi.PyString_FromString(s)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(grc(s), refcnt)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(s, pyob)
+        del pyob
+        self.failUnlessEqual(grc(s), refcnt)
+
+    def test_PyInt_Long(self):
+        ref42 = grc(42)
+        pythonapi.PyInt_FromLong.restype = py_object
+        self.failUnlessEqual(pythonapi.PyInt_FromLong(42), 42)
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(grc(42), ref42)
+
+        pythonapi.PyInt_AsLong.argtypes = (py_object,)
+        pythonapi.PyInt_AsLong.restype = c_long
+
+        res = pythonapi.PyInt_AsLong(42)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(grc(res), ref42 + 1)
+        del res
+        self.failUnlessEqual(grc(42), ref42)
+
+    def test_PyObj_FromPtr(self):
+        s = "abc def ghi jkl"
+        ref = grc(s)
+        # id(python-object) is the address
+        pyobj = PyObj_FromPtr(id(s))
+        self.failUnless(s is pyobj)
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(grc(s), ref + 1)
+        del pyobj
+        self.failUnlessEqual(grc(s), ref)
+
+    def test_PyOS_snprintf(self):
+        PyOS_snprintf = pythonapi.PyOS_snprintf
+        PyOS_snprintf.argtypes = POINTER(c_char), c_int, c_char_p
+
+        buf = c_buffer(256)
+        PyOS_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "Hello from %s", "ctypes")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(buf.value, "Hello from ctypes")
+
+        PyOS_snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "Hello from %s", "ctypes", 1, 2, 3)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(buf.value, "Hello from ctypes")
+
+        # not enough arguments
+        self.failUnlessRaises(TypeError, PyOS_snprintf, buf)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_random_things.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_random_things.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd50ca8981
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_random_things.py
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+from ctypes import *
+import unittest, sys
+
+def callback_func(arg):
+    42 / arg
+    raise ValueError, arg
+
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+
+    class call_function_TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+        # _ctypes.call_function is deprecated and private, but used by
+        # Gary Bishp's readline module.  If we have it, we must test it as well.
+
+        def test(self):
+            from _ctypes import call_function
+            hdll = windll.kernel32.LoadLibraryA("kernel32")
+            funcaddr = windll.kernel32.GetProcAddress(hdll, "GetModuleHandleA")
+
+            self.failUnlessEqual(call_function(funcaddr, (None,)),
+                                 windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA(None))
+
+class CallbackTracbackTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    # When an exception is raised in a ctypes callback function, the C
+    # code prints a traceback.
+    #
+    # This test makes sure the exception types *and* the exception
+    # value is printed correctly.
+    #
+    # Changed in 0.9.3: No longer is '(in callback)' prepended to the
+    # error message - instead a additional frame for the C code is
+    # created, then a full traceback printed.  When SystemExit is
+    # raised in a callback function, the interpreter exits.
+
+    def capture_stderr(self, func, *args, **kw):
+        # helper - call function 'func', and return the captured stderr
+        import StringIO
+        old_stderr = sys.stderr
+        logger = sys.stderr = StringIO.StringIO()
+        try:
+            func(*args, **kw)
+        finally:
+            sys.stderr = old_stderr
+        return logger.getvalue()
+
+    def test_ValueError(self):
+        cb = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)(callback_func)
+        out = self.capture_stderr(cb, 42)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(out.splitlines()[-1],
+                             "ValueError: 42")
+
+    def test_IntegerDivisionError(self):
+        cb = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)(callback_func)
+        out = self.capture_stderr(cb, 0)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(out.splitlines()[-1],
+                             "ZeroDivisionError: "
+                             "integer division or modulo by zero")
+
+    def test_FloatDivisionError(self):
+        cb = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_double)(callback_func)
+        out = self.capture_stderr(cb, 0.0)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(out.splitlines()[-1],
+                             "ZeroDivisionError: "
+                             "float division")
+
+    def test_TypeErrorDivisionError(self):
+        cb = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_char_p)(callback_func)
+        out = self.capture_stderr(cb, "spam")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(out.splitlines()[-1],
+                             "TypeError: "
+                             "unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'int' and 'str'")
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_refcounts.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_refcounts.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb408e6b67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_refcounts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+import unittest
+import ctypes
+import gc
+
+MyCallback = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int)
+OtherCallback = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_ulonglong)
+
+import _ctypes_test
+dll = ctypes.cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+
+class RefcountTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_1(self):
+        from sys import getrefcount as grc
+
+        f = dll._testfunc_callback_i_if
+        f.restype = ctypes.c_int
+        f.argtypes = [ctypes.c_int, MyCallback]
+
+        def callback(value):
+            #print "called back with", value
+            return value
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(grc(callback), 2)
+        cb = MyCallback(callback)
+
+        self.failUnless(grc(callback) > 2)
+        result = f(-10, cb)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(result, -18)
+        cb = None
+
+        gc.collect()
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(grc(callback), 2)
+
+
+    def test_refcount(self):
+        from sys import getrefcount as grc
+        def func(*args):
+            pass
+        # this is the standard refcount for func
+        self.failUnlessEqual(grc(func), 2)
+
+        # the CFuncPtr instance holds atr least one refcount on func:
+        f = OtherCallback(func)
+        self.failUnless(grc(func) > 2)
+
+        # and may release it again
+        del f
+        self.failUnless(grc(func) >= 2)
+        
+        # but now it must be gone
+        gc.collect()
+        self.failUnless(grc(func) == 2)
+
+        class X(ctypes.Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", OtherCallback)]
+        x = X()
+        x.a = OtherCallback(func)
+        
+        # the CFuncPtr instance holds atr least one refcount on func:
+        self.failUnless(grc(func) > 2)
+
+        # and may release it again
+        del x
+        self.failUnless(grc(func) >= 2)
+        
+        # and now it must be gone again
+        gc.collect()
+        self.failUnlessEqual(grc(func), 2)
+
+        f = OtherCallback(func)
+
+        # the CFuncPtr instance holds atr least one refcount on func:
+        self.failUnless(grc(func) > 2)
+
+        # create a cycle
+        f.cycle = f
+
+        del f
+        gc.collect()
+        self.failUnlessEqual(grc(func), 2)
+        
+class AnotherLeak(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_callback(self):
+        import sys
+
+        proto = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int)
+        def func(a, b):
+            return a * b * 2
+        f = proto(func)
+        
+        a = sys.getrefcount(ctypes.c_int)
+        f(1, 2)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sys.getrefcount(ctypes.c_int), a)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_repr.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_repr.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..450b82fd52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_repr.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from ctypes import *
+import unittest
+
+nums = [c_byte, c_short, c_int, c_long, c_longlong,
+        c_ubyte, c_ushort, c_uint, c_ulong, c_ulonglong,
+        c_float, c_double]
+
+class ReprTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_numbers(self):
+        for typ in nums:
+            self.failUnless(repr(typ(42)).startswith(typ.__name__))
+            class X(typ):
+                pass
+            self.failUnlessEqual("<X object at", repr(X(42))[:12])
+
+    def test_char(self):
+        self.failUnlessEqual("c_char('x')", repr(c_char('x')))
+
+        class X(c_char):
+            pass
+        self.failUnlessEqual("<X object at", repr(X('x'))[:12])
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_returnfuncptrs.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_returnfuncptrs.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3d11c4775b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_returnfuncptrs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+
+import _ctypes_test
+
+class ReturnFuncPtrTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_with_prototype(self):
+        # The _ctypes_test shared lib/dll exports quite some functions for testing.
+        # The get_strchr function returns a *pointer* to the C strchr function.
+        dll = cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        get_strchr = dll.get_strchr
+        get_strchr.restype = CFUNCTYPE(c_char_p, c_char_p, c_char)
+        strchr = get_strchr()
+        self.failUnlessEqual(strchr("abcdef", "b"), "bcdef")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(strchr("abcdef", "x"), None)
+        self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, strchr, "abcdef", 3)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, strchr, "abcdef")
+        
+    def test_without_prototype(self):
+        dll = cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        get_strchr = dll.get_strchr
+        # the default 'c_int' would not work on systems where sizeof(int) != sizeof(void *)
+        get_strchr.restype = c_void_p
+        addr = get_strchr()
+        # _CFuncPtr instances are now callable with an integer argument
+        # which denotes a function address:
+        strchr = CFUNCTYPE(c_char_p, c_char_p, c_char)(addr)
+        self.failUnless(strchr("abcdef", "b"), "bcdef")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(strchr("abcdef", "x"), None)
+        self.assertRaises(ArgumentError, strchr, "abcdef", 3)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, strchr, "abcdef")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_simplesubclasses.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_simplesubclasses.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7155170742
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_simplesubclasses.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+
+class MyInt(c_int):
+    def __cmp__(self, other):
+        if type(other) != MyInt:
+            return -1
+        return cmp(self.value, other.value)
+
+class Test(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_compare(self):
+        self.failUnlessEqual(MyInt(3), MyInt(3))
+        self.failIfEqual(MyInt(42), MyInt(43))
+
+    def test_ignore_retval(self):
+        # Test if the return value of a callback is ignored
+        # if restype is None
+        proto = CFUNCTYPE(None)
+        def func():
+            return (1, "abc", None)
+
+        cb = proto(func)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(None, cb())
+
+
+    def test_int_callback(self):
+        args = []
+        def func(arg):
+            args.append(arg)
+            return arg
+
+        cb = CFUNCTYPE(None, MyInt)(func)
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(None, cb(42))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(type(args[-1]), MyInt)
+
+        cb = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int)(func)
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(42, cb(42))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(type(args[-1]), int)
+
+    def test_int_struct(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", MyInt)]
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X().x, MyInt())
+
+        s = X()
+        s.x = MyInt(42)
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(s.x, MyInt(42))
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_sizes.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_sizes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6fb9ca0377
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_sizes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Test specifically-sized containers.
+
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+
+class SizesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_8(self):
+        self.failUnlessEqual(1, sizeof(c_int8))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(1, sizeof(c_uint8))
+
+    def test_16(self):
+        self.failUnlessEqual(2, sizeof(c_int16))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(2, sizeof(c_uint16))
+
+    def test_32(self):
+        self.failUnlessEqual(4, sizeof(c_int32))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(4, sizeof(c_uint32))
+
+    def test_64(self):
+        self.failUnlessEqual(8, sizeof(c_int64))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(8, sizeof(c_uint64))
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_slicing.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_slicing.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..306c585966
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_slicing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+
+import _ctypes_test
+
+class SlicesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_getslice_cint(self):
+        a = (c_int * 100)(*xrange(1100, 1200))
+        b = range(1100, 1200)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(a[0:2], b[0:2])
+        self.failUnlessEqual(len(a), len(b))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(a[5:7], b[5:7])
+        self.failUnlessEqual(a[-1], b[-1])
+        self.failUnlessEqual(a[:], b[:])
+
+        a[0:5] = range(5, 10)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(a[0:5], range(5, 10))
+
+    def test_setslice_cint(self):
+        a = (c_int * 100)(*xrange(1100, 1200))
+        b = range(1100, 1200)
+
+        a[32:47] = range(32, 47)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(a[32:47], range(32, 47))
+
+        from operator import setslice
+
+        # TypeError: int expected instead of str instance
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setslice, a, 0, 5, "abcde")
+        # TypeError: int expected instead of str instance
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setslice, a, 0, 5, ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"])
+        # TypeError: int expected instead of float instance
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setslice, a, 0, 5, [1, 2, 3, 4, 3.14])
+        # ValueError: Can only assign sequence of same size
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, setslice, a, 0, 5, range(32))
+
+    def test_char_ptr(self):
+        s = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\0"
+
+        dll = cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        dll.my_strdup.restype = POINTER(c_char)
+        res = dll.my_strdup(s)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(res[:len(s)], s)
+
+        import operator
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.setslice,
+                          res, 0, 5, u"abcde")
+
+        dll.my_strdup.restype = POINTER(c_byte)
+        res = dll.my_strdup(s)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(res[:len(s)-1], range(ord("a"), ord("z")+1))
+
+    def test_char_array(self):
+        s = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\0"
+
+        p = (c_char * 27)(*s)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(p[:], s)
+
+
+    try:
+        c_wchar
+    except NameError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        def test_wchar_ptr(self):
+            s = u"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\0"
+
+            dll = cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+            dll.my_wcsdup.restype = POINTER(c_wchar)
+            dll.my_wcsdup.argtypes = POINTER(c_wchar),
+            res = dll.my_wcsdup(s)
+            self.failUnlessEqual(res[:len(s)], s)
+
+            import operator
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.setslice,
+                              res, 0, 5, u"abcde")
+
+            if sizeof(c_wchar) == sizeof(c_short):
+                dll.my_wcsdup.restype = POINTER(c_short)
+            elif sizeof(c_wchar) == sizeof(c_int):
+                dll.my_wcsdup.restype = POINTER(c_int)
+            elif sizeof(c_wchar) == sizeof(c_long):
+                dll.my_wcsdup.restype = POINTER(c_long)
+            res = dll.my_wcsdup(s)
+            self.failUnlessEqual(res[:len(s)-1], range(ord("a"), ord("z")+1))
+
+################################################################
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_stringptr.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_stringptr.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..183a60c28a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_stringptr.py
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+
+import _ctypes_test
+
+lib = cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+
+class StringPtrTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test__POINTER_c_char(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("str", POINTER(c_char))]
+        x = X()
+
+        # NULL pointer access
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, getattr, x.str, "contents")
+        b = c_buffer("Hello, World")
+        from sys import getrefcount as grc
+        self.failUnlessEqual(grc(b), 2)
+        x.str = b
+        self.failUnlessEqual(grc(b), 3)
+
+        # POINTER(c_char) and Python string is NOT compatible
+        # POINTER(c_char) and c_buffer() is compatible
+        for i in range(len(b)):
+            self.failUnlessEqual(b[i], x.str[i])
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, x, "str", "Hello, World")
+
+    def test__c_char_p(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("str", c_char_p)]
+        x = X()
+
+        # c_char_p and Python string is compatible
+        # c_char_p and c_buffer is NOT compatible
+        self.failUnlessEqual(x.str, None)
+        x.str = "Hello, World"
+        self.failUnlessEqual(x.str, "Hello, World")
+        b = c_buffer("Hello, World")
+        self.failUnlessRaises(TypeError, setattr, x, "str", b)
+
+
+    def test_functions(self):
+        strchr = lib.my_strchr
+        strchr.restype = c_char_p
+
+        # c_char_p and Python string is compatible
+        # c_char_p and c_buffer are now compatible
+        strchr.argtypes = c_char_p, c_char
+        self.failUnlessEqual(strchr("abcdef", "c"), "cdef")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(strchr(c_buffer("abcdef"), "c"), "cdef")
+
+        # POINTER(c_char) and Python string is NOT compatible
+        # POINTER(c_char) and c_buffer() is compatible
+        strchr.argtypes = POINTER(c_char), c_char
+        buf = c_buffer("abcdef")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(strchr(buf, "c"), "cdef")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(strchr("abcdef", "c"), "cdef")
+
+        # XXX These calls are dangerous, because the first argument
+        # to strchr is no longer valid after the function returns!
+        # So we must keep a reference to buf separately
+
+        strchr.restype = POINTER(c_char)
+        buf = c_buffer("abcdef")
+        r = strchr(buf, "c")
+        x = r[0], r[1], r[2], r[3], r[4]
+        self.failUnlessEqual(x, ("c", "d", "e", "f", "\000"))
+        del buf
+        # x1 will NOT be the same as x, usually:
+        x1 = r[0], r[1], r[2], r[3], r[4]
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_strings.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_strings.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3ad0f1d4c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_strings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+
+class StringArrayTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test(self):
+        BUF = c_char * 4
+
+        buf = BUF("a", "b", "c")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(buf.value, "abc")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(buf.raw, "abc\000")
+
+        buf.value = "ABCD"
+        self.failUnlessEqual(buf.value, "ABCD")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(buf.raw, "ABCD")
+
+        buf.value = "x"
+        self.failUnlessEqual(buf.value, "x")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(buf.raw, "x\000CD")
+
+        buf[1] = "Z"
+        self.failUnlessEqual(buf.value, "xZCD")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(buf.raw, "xZCD")
+
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, buf, "value", "aaaaaaaa")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, buf, "value", 42)
+
+    def test_c_buffer_value(self):
+        buf = c_buffer(32)
+
+        buf.value = "Hello, World"
+        self.failUnlessEqual(buf.value, "Hello, World")
+
+        self.failUnlessRaises(TypeError, setattr, buf, "value", buffer("Hello, World"))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, buf, "value", buffer("abc"))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, buf, "raw", buffer("x" * 100))
+
+    def test_c_buffer_raw(self):
+        buf = c_buffer(32)
+
+        buf.raw = buffer("Hello, World")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(buf.value, "Hello, World")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, buf, "value", buffer("abc"))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, buf, "raw", buffer("x" * 100))
+
+    def test_param_1(self):
+        BUF = c_char * 4
+        buf = BUF()
+##        print c_char_p.from_param(buf)
+        
+    def test_param_2(self):
+        BUF = c_char * 4
+        buf = BUF()
+##        print BUF.from_param(c_char_p("python"))
+##        print BUF.from_param(BUF(*"pyth"))
+
+try:
+    c_wchar
+except NameError:
+    pass
+else:
+    class WStringArrayTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+        def test(self):
+            BUF = c_wchar * 4
+
+            buf = BUF(u"a", u"b", u"c")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(buf.value, u"abc")
+
+            buf.value = u"ABCD"
+            self.failUnlessEqual(buf.value, u"ABCD")
+
+            buf.value = u"x"
+            self.failUnlessEqual(buf.value, u"x")
+
+            buf[1] = u"Z"
+            self.failUnlessEqual(buf.value, u"xZCD")
+
+class StringTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def XX_test_basic_strings(self):
+        cs = c_string("abcdef")
+
+        # Cannot call len on a c_string any longer
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, len, cs)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(cs), 7)
+
+        # The value property is the string up to the first terminating NUL.
+        self.failUnlessEqual(cs.value, "abcdef")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(c_string("abc\000def").value, "abc")
+
+        # The raw property is the total buffer contents:
+        self.failUnlessEqual(cs.raw, "abcdef\000")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(c_string("abc\000def").raw, "abc\000def\000")
+
+        # We can change the value:
+        cs.value = "ab"
+        self.failUnlessEqual(cs.value, "ab")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(cs.raw, "ab\000\000\000\000\000")
+
+        cs.raw = "XY"
+        self.failUnlessEqual(cs.value, "XY")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(cs.raw, "XY\000\000\000\000\000")
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_string, u"123")
+
+    def XX_test_sized_strings(self):
+
+        # New in releases later than 0.4.0: 
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_string, None)
+        
+        # New in releases later than 0.4.0:
+        # c_string(number) returns an empty string of size number
+        self.failUnless(len(c_string(32).raw) == 32)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, c_string, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, c_string, 0)
+
+        # These tests fail, because it is no longer initialized
+##        self.failUnless(c_string(2).value == "")
+##        self.failUnless(c_string(2).raw == "\000\000")
+        self.failUnless(c_string(2).raw[-1] == "\000")
+        self.failUnless(len(c_string(2).raw) == 2)
+
+    def XX_test_initialized_strings(self):
+
+        self.failUnless(c_string("ab", 4).raw[:2] == "ab")
+        self.failUnless(c_string("ab", 4).raw[-1] == "\000")
+        self.failUnless(c_string("ab", 2).raw == "a\000")
+
+    def XX_test_toolong(self):
+        cs = c_string("abcdef")
+        # Much too long string:
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, cs, "value", "123456789012345")
+
+        # One char too long values:
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, cs, "value", "1234567")
+
+##    def test_perf(self):
+##        check_perf()
+
+try:
+    c_wchar
+except NameError:
+    pass
+else:
+    class WStringTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+        def test_wchar(self):
+            c_wchar(u"x")
+            repr(byref(c_wchar(u"x")))
+            c_wchar("x")
+
+
+        def X_test_basic_wstrings(self):
+            cs = c_wstring(u"abcdef")
+
+            # XXX This behaviour is about to change:
+            # len returns the size of the internal buffer in bytes.
+            # This includes the terminating NUL character.
+            self.failUnless(sizeof(cs) == 14)
+
+            # The value property is the string up to the first terminating NUL.
+            self.failUnless(cs.value == u"abcdef")
+            self.failUnless(c_wstring(u"abc\000def").value == u"abc")
+
+            self.failUnless(c_wstring(u"abc\000def").value == u"abc")
+
+            # The raw property is the total buffer contents:
+            self.failUnless(cs.raw == u"abcdef\000")
+            self.failUnless(c_wstring(u"abc\000def").raw == u"abc\000def\000")
+
+            # We can change the value:
+            cs.value = u"ab"
+            self.failUnless(cs.value == u"ab")
+            self.failUnless(cs.raw == u"ab\000\000\000\000\000")
+
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, c_wstring, "123")
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, c_wstring, 0)
+
+        def X_test_toolong(self):
+            cs = c_wstring(u"abcdef")
+            # Much too long string:
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, cs, "value", u"123456789012345")
+
+            # One char too long values:
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, setattr, cs, "value", u"1234567")
+
+        
+def run_test(rep, msg, func, arg):
+    items = range(rep)
+    from time import clock
+    start = clock()
+    for i in items:
+        func(arg); func(arg); func(arg); func(arg); func(arg)
+    stop = clock()
+    print "%20s: %.2f us" % (msg, ((stop-start)*1e6/5/rep))
+
+def check_perf():
+    # Construct 5 objects
+
+    REP = 200000
+
+    run_test(REP, "c_string(None)", c_string, None)
+    run_test(REP, "c_string('abc')", c_string, 'abc')
+
+# Python 2.3 -OO, win2k, P4 700 MHz:
+#
+#      c_string(None): 1.75 us
+#     c_string('abc'): 2.74 us
+
+# Python 2.2 -OO, win2k, P4 700 MHz:
+#
+#      c_string(None): 2.95 us
+#     c_string('abc'): 3.67 us
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+##    check_perf()
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_struct_fields.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_struct_fields.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ef5fb5020e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_struct_fields.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+
+class StructFieldsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    # Structure/Union classes must get 'finalized' sooner or
+    # later, when one of these things happen:
+    #
+    # 1. _fields_ is set.
+    # 2. An instance is created.
+    # 3. The type is used as field of another Structure/Union.
+    # 4. The type is subclassed
+    #
+    # When they are finalized, assigning _fields_ is no longer allowed.
+
+    def test_1_A(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            pass
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), 0) # not finalized
+        X._fields_ = [] # finalized
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, X, "_fields_", [])
+
+    def test_1_B(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [] # finalized
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, X, "_fields_", [])
+
+    def test_2(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            pass
+        X()
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, X, "_fields_", [])
+
+    def test_3(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            pass
+        class Y(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", X)] # finalizes X
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, X, "_fields_", [])
+
+    def test_4(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            pass
+        class Y(X):
+            pass
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, X, "_fields_", [])
+        Y._fields_ = []
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, setattr, X, "_fields_", [])
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_structures.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_structures.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c659e8e482
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_structures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+from struct import calcsize
+
+class SubclassesTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_subclass(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int)]
+
+        class Y(X):
+            _fields_ = [("b", c_int)]
+
+        class Z(X):
+            pass
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_int))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(Y), sizeof(c_int)*2)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(Z), sizeof(c_int))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X._fields_, [("a", c_int)])
+        self.failUnlessEqual(Y._fields_, [("b", c_int)])
+        self.failUnlessEqual(Z._fields_, [("a", c_int)])
+
+    def test_subclass_delayed(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            pass
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), 0)
+        X._fields_ = [("a", c_int)]
+
+        class Y(X):
+            pass
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(Y), sizeof(X))
+        Y._fields_ = [("b", c_int)]
+
+        class Z(X):
+            pass
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), sizeof(c_int))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(Y), sizeof(c_int)*2)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(Z), sizeof(c_int))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X._fields_, [("a", c_int)])
+        self.failUnlessEqual(Y._fields_, [("b", c_int)])
+        self.failUnlessEqual(Z._fields_, [("a", c_int)])
+
+class StructureTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    formats = {"c": c_char,
+               "b": c_byte,
+               "B": c_ubyte,
+               "h": c_short,
+               "H": c_ushort,
+               "i": c_int,
+               "I": c_uint,
+               "l": c_long,
+               "L": c_ulong,
+               "q": c_longlong,
+               "Q": c_ulonglong,
+               "f": c_float,
+               "d": c_double,
+               }
+    
+    def test_simple_structs(self):
+        for code, tp in self.formats.items():
+            class X(Structure):
+                _fields_ = [("x", c_char),
+                            ("y", tp)]
+            self.failUnlessEqual((sizeof(X), code),
+                                 (calcsize("c%c0%c" % (code, code)), code))
+
+    def test_unions(self):
+        for code, tp in self.formats.items():
+            class X(Union):
+                _fields_ = [("x", c_char),
+                            ("y", tp)]
+            self.failUnlessEqual((sizeof(X), code),
+                                 (calcsize("%c" % (code)), code))
+
+    def test_struct_alignment(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_char * 3)]
+        self.failUnlessEqual(alignment(X), calcsize("s"))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), calcsize("3s"))
+
+        class Y(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_char * 3),
+                        ("y", c_int)]
+        self.failUnlessEqual(alignment(Y), calcsize("i"))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(Y), calcsize("3si"))
+
+        class SI(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", X),
+                        ("b", Y)]
+        self.failUnlessEqual(alignment(SI), max(alignment(Y), alignment(X)))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(SI), calcsize("3s0i 3si 0i"))
+        
+        class IS(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("b", Y),
+                        ("a", X)]
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(alignment(SI), max(alignment(X), alignment(Y)))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(IS), calcsize("3si 3s 0i"))
+
+        class XX(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", X),
+                        ("b", X)]
+        self.failUnlessEqual(alignment(XX), alignment(X))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(XX), calcsize("3s 3s 0s"))
+
+    def test_emtpy(self):
+        # I had problems with these
+        #
+        # Although these are patological cases: Empty Structures!
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = []
+
+        class Y(Union):
+            _fields_ = []
+
+        # Is this really the correct alignment, or should it be 0?
+        self.failUnless(alignment(X) == alignment(Y) == 1)
+        self.failUnless(sizeof(X) == sizeof(Y) == 0)
+
+        class XX(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", X),
+                        ("b", X)]
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(alignment(XX), 1)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(XX), 0)
+
+    def test_fields(self):
+        # test the offset and size attributes of Structure/Unoin fields.
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_int),
+                        ("y", c_char)]
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X.x.offset, 0)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X.x.size, sizeof(c_int))
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X.y.offset, sizeof(c_int))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X.y.size, sizeof(c_char))
+
+        # readonly
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, X.x, "offset", 92)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, X.x, "size", 92)
+
+        class X(Union):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_int),
+                        ("y", c_char)]
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X.x.offset, 0)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X.x.size, sizeof(c_int))
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X.y.offset, 0)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X.y.size, sizeof(c_char))
+
+        # readonly
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, X.x, "offset", 92)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, X.x, "size", 92)
+
+        # XXX Should we check nested data types also?
+        # offset is always relative to the class...
+
+    def test_packed(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_byte),
+                        ("b", c_longlong)]
+            _pack_ = 1
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), 9)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X.b.offset, 1)
+
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_byte),
+                        ("b", c_longlong)]
+            _pack_ = 2
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), 10)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X.b.offset, 2)
+
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_byte),
+                        ("b", c_longlong)]
+            _pack_ = 4
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), 12)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X.b.offset, 4)
+
+        import struct
+        longlong_size = struct.calcsize("q")
+        longlong_align = struct.calcsize("bq") - longlong_size
+
+        class X(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_byte),
+                        ("b", c_longlong)]
+            _pack_ = 8
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(sizeof(X), longlong_align + longlong_size)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(X.b.offset, min(8, longlong_align))
+
+
+        d = {"_fields_": [("a", "b"),
+                          ("b", "q")],
+             "_pack_": -1}
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, type(Structure), "X", (Structure,), d)
+
+    def test_initializers(self):
+        class Person(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("name", c_char*6),
+                        ("age", c_int)]
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Person, 42)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Person, "asldkjaslkdjaslkdj")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Person, "Name", "HI")
+
+        # short enough
+        self.failUnlessEqual(Person("12345", 5).name, "12345")
+        # exact fit
+        self.failUnlessEqual(Person("123456", 5).name, "123456")
+        # too long
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Person, "1234567", 5)
+
+    
+    def test_keyword_initializers(self):
+        class POINT(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("x", c_int), ("y", c_int)]
+        pt = POINT(1, 2)
+        self.failUnlessEqual((pt.x, pt.y), (1, 2))
+
+        pt = POINT(y=2, x=1)
+        self.failUnlessEqual((pt.x, pt.y), (1, 2))
+
+    def test_invalid_field_types(self):
+        class POINT(Structure):
+            pass
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, POINT, "_fields_", [("x", 1), ("y", 2)])
+
+    def test_intarray_fields(self):
+        class SomeInts(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("a", c_int * 4)]
+
+        # can use tuple to initialize array (but not list!)
+        self.failUnlessEqual(SomeInts((1, 2)).a[:], [1, 2, 0, 0])
+        self.failUnlessEqual(SomeInts((1, 2, 3, 4)).a[:], [1, 2, 3, 4])
+        # too long
+        # XXX Should raise ValueError?, not RuntimeError
+        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, SomeInts, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
+
+    def test_nested_initializers(self):
+        # test initializing nested structures
+        class Phone(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("areacode", c_char*6),
+                        ("number", c_char*12)]
+
+        class Person(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("name", c_char * 12),
+                        ("phone", Phone),
+                        ("age", c_int)]
+
+        p = Person("Someone", ("1234", "5678"), 5)
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(p.name, "Someone")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(p.phone.areacode, "1234")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(p.phone.number, "5678")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(p.age, 5)
+
+    def test_structures_with_wchar(self):
+        try:
+            c_wchar
+        except NameError:
+            return # no unicode
+
+        class PersonW(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("name", c_wchar * 12),
+                        ("age", c_int)]
+
+        p = PersonW(u"Someone")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(p.name, "Someone")
+
+        self.failUnlessEqual(PersonW(u"1234567890").name, u"1234567890")
+        self.failUnlessEqual(PersonW(u"12345678901").name, u"12345678901")
+        # exact fit
+        self.failUnlessEqual(PersonW(u"123456789012").name, u"123456789012")
+        #too long
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, PersonW, u"1234567890123")
+
+    def test_init_errors(self):
+        class Phone(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("areacode", c_char*6),
+                        ("number", c_char*12)]
+
+        class Person(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("name", c_char * 12),
+                        ("phone", Phone),
+                        ("age", c_int)]
+
+        cls, msg = self.get_except(Person, "Someone", (1, 2))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(cls, RuntimeError)
+        # In Python 2.5, Exception is a new-style class, and the repr changed
+        if issubclass(Exception, object):
+            self.failUnlessEqual(msg,
+                                 "(Phone) <class 'exceptions.TypeError'>: "
+                                 "expected string or Unicode object, int found")
+        else:
+            self.failUnlessEqual(msg,
+                                 "(Phone) exceptions.TypeError: "
+                                 "expected string or Unicode object, int found")
+
+        cls, msg = self.get_except(Person, "Someone", ("a", "b", "c"))
+        self.failUnlessEqual(cls, RuntimeError)
+        if issubclass(Exception, object):
+            self.failUnlessEqual(msg,
+                                 "(Phone) <class 'exceptions.ValueError'>: too many initializers")
+        else:
+            self.failUnlessEqual(msg, "(Phone) exceptions.ValueError: too many initializers")
+
+
+    def get_except(self, func, *args):
+        try:
+            func(*args)
+        except Exception, detail:
+            return detail.__class__, str(detail)
+                
+
+##    def test_subclass_creation(self):
+##        meta = type(Structure)
+##        # same as 'class X(Structure): pass'
+##        # fails, since we need either a _fields_ or a _abstract_ attribute
+##        cls, msg = self.get_except(meta, "X", (Structure,), {})
+##        self.failUnlessEqual((cls, msg),
+##                             (AttributeError, "class must define a '_fields_' attribute"))
+
+    def test_abstract_class(self):
+        class X(Structure):
+            _abstract_ = "something"
+        # try 'X()'
+        cls, msg = self.get_except(eval, "X()", locals())
+        self.failUnlessEqual((cls, msg), (TypeError, "abstract class"))
+
+    def test_methods(self):
+##        class X(Structure):
+##            _fields_ = []
+
+        self.failUnless("in_dll" in dir(type(Structure)))
+        self.failUnless("from_address" in dir(type(Structure)))
+        self.failUnless("in_dll" in dir(type(Structure)))
+
+class PointerMemberTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test(self):
+        # a Structure with a POINTER field
+        class S(Structure):
+            _fields_ = [("array", POINTER(c_int))]
+
+        s = S()
+        # We can assign arrays of the correct type
+        s.array = (c_int * 3)(1, 2, 3)
+        items = [s.array[i] for i in range(3)]
+        self.failUnlessEqual(items, [1, 2, 3])
+
+        # The following are bugs, but are included here because the unittests
+        # also describe the current behaviour.
+        #
+        # This fails with SystemError: bad arg to internal function
+        # or with IndexError (with a patch I have)
+
+        s.array[0] = 42
+
+        items = [s.array[i] for i in range(3)]
+        self.failUnlessEqual(items, [42, 2, 3])
+
+        s.array[0] = 1
+
+##        s.array[1] = 42
+
+        items = [s.array[i] for i in range(3)]
+        self.failUnlessEqual(items, [1, 2, 3])
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
+
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_unicode.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_unicode.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bb39746031
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_unicode.py
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+# coding: latin-1
+import unittest
+import ctypes
+
+try:
+    ctypes.c_wchar
+except AttributeError:
+    pass
+else:
+    import _ctypes_test
+    dll = ctypes.cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+    wcslen = dll.my_wcslen
+    wcslen.argtypes = [ctypes.c_wchar_p]
+
+
+    class UnicodeTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+        def setUp(self):
+            self.prev_conv_mode = ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "strict")
+
+        def tearDown(self):
+            ctypes.set_conversion_mode(*self.prev_conv_mode)
+
+        def test_ascii_strict(self):
+            ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "strict")
+            # no conversions take place with unicode arguments
+            self.failUnlessEqual(wcslen(u"abc"), 3)
+            self.failUnlessEqual(wcslen(u"ab\u2070"), 3)
+            # string args are converted
+            self.failUnlessEqual(wcslen("abc"), 3)
+            self.failUnlessRaises(ctypes.ArgumentError, wcslen, "abä")
+
+        def test_ascii_replace(self):
+            ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "replace")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(wcslen(u"abc"), 3)
+            self.failUnlessEqual(wcslen(u"ab\u2070"), 3)
+            self.failUnlessEqual(wcslen("abc"), 3)
+            self.failUnlessEqual(wcslen("abä"), 3)
+
+        def test_ascii_ignore(self):
+            ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "ignore")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(wcslen(u"abc"), 3)
+            self.failUnlessEqual(wcslen(u"ab\u2070"), 3)
+            # ignore error mode skips non-ascii characters
+            self.failUnlessEqual(wcslen("abc"), 3)
+            self.failUnlessEqual(wcslen("äöüß"), 0)
+
+        def test_latin1_strict(self):
+            ctypes.set_conversion_mode("latin-1", "strict")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(wcslen(u"abc"), 3)
+            self.failUnlessEqual(wcslen(u"ab\u2070"), 3)
+            self.failUnlessEqual(wcslen("abc"), 3)
+            self.failUnlessEqual(wcslen("äöüß"), 4)
+
+        def test_buffers(self):
+            ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "strict")
+            buf = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer("abc")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(len(buf), 3+1)
+
+            ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "replace")
+            buf = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer("abäöü")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(buf[:], u"ab\uFFFD\uFFFD\uFFFD\0")
+
+            ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "ignore")
+            buf = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer("abäöü")
+            # is that correct? not sure.  But with 'ignore', you get what you pay for..
+            self.failUnlessEqual(buf[:], u"ab\0\0\0\0")
+
+    import _ctypes_test
+    func = ctypes.cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)._testfunc_p_p
+
+    class StringTestCase(UnicodeTestCase):
+        def setUp(self):
+            self.prev_conv_mode = ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "strict")
+            func.argtypes = [ctypes.c_char_p]
+            func.restype = ctypes.c_char_p
+
+        def tearDown(self):
+            ctypes.set_conversion_mode(*self.prev_conv_mode)
+            func.argtypes = None
+            func.restype = ctypes.c_int
+
+        def test_ascii_replace(self):
+            ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "strict")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(func("abc"), "abc")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(func(u"abc"), "abc")
+            self.assertRaises(ctypes.ArgumentError, func, u"abä")
+
+        def test_ascii_ignore(self):
+            ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "ignore")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(func("abc"), "abc")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(func(u"abc"), "abc")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(func(u"äöüß"), "")
+
+        def test_ascii_replace(self):
+            ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "replace")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(func("abc"), "abc")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(func(u"abc"), "abc")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(func(u"äöüß"), "????")
+
+        def test_buffers(self):
+            ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "strict")
+            buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(u"abc")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(len(buf), 3+1)
+
+            ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "replace")
+            buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(u"abäöü")
+            self.failUnlessEqual(buf[:], "ab???\0")
+
+            ctypes.set_conversion_mode("ascii", "ignore")
+            buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(u"abäöü")
+            # is that correct? not sure.  But with 'ignore', you get what you pay for..
+            self.failUnlessEqual(buf[:], "ab\0\0\0\0")
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_values.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_values.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1f25f9b260
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_values.py
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+"""
+A testcase which accesses *values* in a dll.
+"""
+
+import unittest
+from ctypes import *
+
+import _ctypes_test
+
+class ValuesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_an_integer(self):
+        ctdll = cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        an_integer = c_int.in_dll(ctdll, "an_integer")
+        x = an_integer.value
+        self.failUnlessEqual(x, ctdll.get_an_integer())
+        an_integer.value *= 2
+        self.failUnlessEqual(x*2, ctdll.get_an_integer())
+
+    def test_undefined(self):
+        ctdll = cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, c_int.in_dll, ctdll, "Undefined_Symbol")
+
+    class Win_ValuesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+        """This test only works when python itself is a dll/shared library"""
+
+        def test_optimizeflag(self):
+            # This test accesses the Py_OptimizeFlag intger, which is
+            # exported by the Python dll.
+
+            # It's value is set depending on the -O and -OO flags:
+            # if not given, it is 0 and __debug__ is 1.
+            # If -O is given, the flag is 1, for -OO it is 2.
+            # docstrings are also removed in the latter case.
+            opt = c_int.in_dll(pydll, "Py_OptimizeFlag").value
+            if __debug__:
+                self.failUnlessEqual(opt, 0)
+            elif ValuesTestCase.__doc__ is not None:
+                self.failUnlessEqual(opt, 1)
+            else:
+                self.failUnlessEqual(opt, 2)
+
+        def test_frozentable(self):
+            # Python exports a PyImport_FrozenModules symbol. This is a
+            # pointer to an array of struct _frozen entries.  The end of the
+            # array is marked by an entry containing a NULL name and zero
+            # size.
+
+            # In standard Python, this table contains a __hello__
+            # module, and a __phello__ package containing a spam
+            # module.
+            class struct_frozen(Structure):
+                _fields_ = [("name", c_char_p),
+                            ("code", POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+                            ("size", c_int)]
+            FrozenTable = POINTER(struct_frozen)
+
+            ft = FrozenTable.in_dll(pydll, "PyImport_FrozenModules")
+            # ft is a pointer to the struct_frozen entries:
+            items = []
+            for entry in ft:
+                # This is dangerous. We *can* iterate over a pointer, but
+                # the loop will not terminate (maybe with an access
+                # violation;-) because the pointer instance has no size.
+                if entry.name is None:
+                    break
+                items.append((entry.name, entry.size))
+            import sys
+            if sys.version_info[:2] >= (2, 3):
+                expected = [("__hello__", 104), ("__phello__", -104), ("__phello__.spam", 104)]
+            else:
+                expected = [("__hello__", 100), ("__phello__", -100), ("__phello__.spam", 100)]
+            self.failUnlessEqual(items, expected)
+
+            from ctypes import _pointer_type_cache
+            del _pointer_type_cache[struct_frozen]
+
+        def test_undefined(self):
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, c_int.in_dll, pydll, "Undefined_Symbol")
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_win32.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_win32.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..767e64e4bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_win32.py
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# Windows specific tests
+
+from ctypes import *
+import unittest, sys
+
+import _ctypes_test
+
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+
+    class WindowsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+        def test_callconv_1(self):
+            # Testing stdcall function
+
+            IsWindow = windll.user32.IsWindow
+            # ValueError: Procedure probably called with not enough arguments (4 bytes missing)
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, IsWindow)
+
+            # This one should succeeed...
+            self.failUnlessEqual(0, IsWindow(0))
+
+            # ValueError: Procedure probably called with too many arguments (8 bytes in excess)
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, IsWindow, 0, 0, 0)
+
+        def test_callconv_2(self):
+            # Calling stdcall function as cdecl
+
+            IsWindow = cdll.user32.IsWindow
+
+            # ValueError: Procedure called with not enough arguments (4 bytes missing)
+            # or wrong calling convention
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, IsWindow, None)
+
+        def test_SEH(self):
+            # Call functions with invalid arguments, and make sure that access violations
+            # are trapped and raise an exception.
+            #
+            # Normally, in a debug build of the _ctypes extension
+            # module, exceptions are not trapped, so we can only run
+            # this test in a release build.
+            import sys
+            if not hasattr(sys, "getobjects"):
+                self.assertRaises(WindowsError, windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA, 32)
+
+class Structures(unittest.TestCase):
+
+        def test_struct_by_value(self):
+            class POINT(Structure):
+                _fields_ = [("x", c_long),
+                            ("y", c_long)]
+
+            class RECT(Structure):
+                _fields_ = [("left", c_long),
+                            ("top", c_long),
+                            ("right", c_long),
+                            ("bottom", c_long)]
+
+            dll = cdll.load(_ctypes_test.__file__)
+
+            pt = POINT(10, 10)
+            rect = RECT(0, 0, 20, 20)
+            self.failUnlessEqual(1, dll.PointInRect(byref(rect), pt))
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/wintypes.py b/Lib/ctypes/wintypes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..92b79d2abf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/wintypes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+# XXX This module needs cleanup.
+
+from ctypes import *
+
+DWORD = c_ulong
+WORD = c_ushort
+BYTE = c_byte
+
+ULONG = c_ulong
+LONG = c_long
+
+LARGE_INTEGER = c_longlong
+ULARGE_INTEGER = c_ulonglong
+
+
+HANDLE = c_ulong # in the header files: void *
+
+HWND = HANDLE
+HDC = HANDLE
+HMODULE = HANDLE
+HINSTANCE = HANDLE
+HRGN = HANDLE
+HTASK = HANDLE
+HKEY = HANDLE
+HPEN = HANDLE
+HGDIOBJ = HANDLE
+HMENU = HANDLE
+
+LCID = DWORD
+
+WPARAM = c_uint
+LPARAM = c_long
+
+BOOL = c_long
+VARIANT_BOOL = c_short
+
+LPCOLESTR = LPOLESTR = OLESTR = c_wchar_p
+LPCWSTR = LPWSTR = c_wchar_p
+
+LPCSTR = LPSTR = c_char_p
+
+class RECT(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("left", c_long),
+                ("top", c_long),
+                ("right", c_long),
+                ("bottom", c_long)]
+RECTL = RECT
+
+class POINT(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("x", c_long),
+                ("y", c_long)]
+POINTL = POINT
+
+class SIZE(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("cx", c_long),
+                ("cy", c_long)]
+SIZEL = SIZE
+
+def RGB(red, green, blue):
+    return red + (green << 8) + (blue << 16)
+
+class FILETIME(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("dwLowDateTime", DWORD),
+                ("dwHighDateTime", DWORD)]
+
+class MSG(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("hWnd", HWND),
+                ("message", c_uint),
+                ("wParam", WPARAM),
+                ("lParam", LPARAM),
+                ("time", DWORD),
+                ("pt", POINT)]
+MAX_PATH = 260
+
+class WIN32_FIND_DATAA(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("dwFileAttributes", DWORD),
+                ("ftCreationTime", FILETIME),
+                ("ftLastAccessTime", FILETIME),
+                ("ftLastWriteTime", FILETIME),
+                ("nFileSizeHigh", DWORD),
+                ("nFileSizeLow", DWORD),
+                ("dwReserved0", DWORD),
+                ("dwReserved1", DWORD),
+                ("cFileName", c_char * MAX_PATH),
+                ("cAlternameFileName", c_char * 14)]
+
+class WIN32_FIND_DATAW(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("dwFileAttributes", DWORD),
+                ("ftCreationTime", FILETIME),
+                ("ftLastAccessTime", FILETIME),
+                ("ftLastWriteTime", FILETIME),
+                ("nFileSizeHigh", DWORD),
+                ("nFileSizeLow", DWORD),
+                ("dwReserved0", DWORD),
+                ("dwReserved1", DWORD),
+                ("cFileName", c_wchar * MAX_PATH),
+                ("cAlternameFileName", c_wchar * 14)]