Added support for function annotations

author: Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com> 2011-01-01 09:16:53 +0100
committer: Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com> 2011-01-01 09:16:53 +0100
commit: fb07454d4c8ed12ea150ed3f836a0f433106cd60 (patch)
tree: b845895f4ec6af6090d48d46a0c429ba18083612
parent: 6a0b8ae432cde46a621aa4b363ab76835d376add (diff)
download: micheles-fb07454d4c8ed12ea150ed3f836a0f433106cd60.tar.gz
10 files changed, 2796 insertions, 2413 deletions
diff --git a/decorator/CHANGES.txt b/decorator/CHANGES.txt
index 30af4b4..a148668 100644
--- a/decorator/CHANGES.txt
+++ b/decorator/CHANGES.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 HISTORY
 ----------
 
+3.3. Added support for function annotations (1/1/2011)
 3.2.1. Now the .func_globals of the decorated function are the same of
      the undecorated function, as requested by Paul Ollis (28/12/2010)
 3.2. Added __version__ (thanks to Gregg Lind), removed functionality which 
@@ -26,11 +27,11 @@ HISTORY
      http://packages.python.org/decorator (14/12/2008)
 2.3.2. Small optimization in the code for decorator factories. First version
        with the code uploaded to PyPI (01/12/2008)
-2.3.1. Set the zipsafe flag to False, since I want my users to have the source, not
-     a zipped egg (25/07/2008)
-2.3.0. Added support for writing decorator factories with minimal effort (feature
-     requested by Matthew Wilson); implemented it by enhancing 'decorator' to 
-     a Python 2.6 class decorator (10/07/2008)
+2.3.1. Set the zipsafe flag to False, since I want my users to have the source,
+       not a zipped egg (25/07/2008)
+2.3.0. Added support for writing decorator factories with minimal effort
+     (feature requested by Matthew Wilson); implemented it by enhancing
+     'decorator' to a Python 2.6 class decorator (10/07/2008)
 2.2.0. Added a note on 'inspect.getsource' not working for decorated
      functions; referenced PEP 326; highlighted the snippets in the 
      documentation with pygments; slightly simplified the code (31/07/2007)
diff --git a/decorator/documentation.html b/decorator/documentation.html
index 55936b3..63f2b98 100644
--- a/decorator/documentation.html
+++ b/decorator/documentation.html
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
-<meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.6: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" />
+<meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.5: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" />
 <title>The decorator module</title>
 <meta name="author" content="Michele Simionato" />
 <style type="text/css">
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
 </head>
 <body>
 <div class="document" id="the-decorator-module">
-<h1 class="title">The <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> module</h1>
+<h1 class="title">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> module</h1>
 <table class="docinfo" frame="void" rules="none">
 <col class="docinfo-name" />
 <col class="docinfo-content" />
@@ -83,12 +83,12 @@
 <tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">E-mail:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="mailto:michele.simionato&#64;gmail.com">michele.simionato&#64;gmail.com</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr><th class="docinfo-name">Version:</th>
-<td>3.2.1 (2010-11-28)</td></tr>
+<td>3.3.0 (2011-01-01)</td></tr>
 <tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Requires:</th><td class="field-body">Python 2.4+</td>
 </tr>
-<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Download page:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/decorator/3.2.1">http://pypi.python.org/pypi/decorator/3.2.1</a></td>
+<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Download page:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/decorator/3.3.0">http://pypi.python.org/pypi/decorator/3.3.0</a></td>
 </tr>
-<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Installation:</th><td class="field-body"><tt class="docutils literal">easy_install decorator</tt></td>
+<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Installation:</th><td class="field-body"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">easy_install</span> <span class="pre">decorator</span></tt></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">License:</th><td class="field-body">BSD license</td>
 </tr>
@@ -101,11 +101,11 @@
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#definitions" id="id4">Definitions</a></li>
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#statement-of-the-problem" id="id5">Statement of the problem</a></li>
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-solution" id="id6">The solution</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-trace-decorator" id="id7">A <tt class="docutils literal">trace</tt> decorator</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#decorator-is-a-decorator" id="id8"><tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> is a decorator</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#blocking" id="id9"><tt class="docutils literal">blocking</tt></a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#async" id="id10"><tt class="docutils literal">async</tt></a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-functionmaker-class" id="id11">The <tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker</tt> class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-trace-decorator" id="id7">A <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trace</span></tt> decorator</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#decorator-is-a-decorator" id="id8"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> is a decorator</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#blocking" id="id9"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">blocking</span></tt></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#async" id="id10"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">async</span></tt></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-functionmaker-class" id="id11">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker</span></tt> class</a></li>
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#getting-the-source-code" id="id12">Getting the source code</a></li>
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#dealing-with-third-party-decorators" id="id13">Dealing with third party decorators</a></li>
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#caveats-and-limitations" id="id14">Caveats and limitations</a></li>
@@ -132,13 +132,13 @@ idea since:</p>
 some experience and it is not as easy as it could be. For instance,
 typical implementations of decorators involve nested functions, and
 we all know that flat is better than nested.</p>
-<p>The aim of the <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> module it to simplify the usage of
+<p>The aim of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> module it to simplify the usage of
 decorators for the average programmer, and to popularize decorators by
 showing various non-trivial examples. Of course, as all techniques,
 decorators can be abused (I have seen that) and you should not try to
 solve every problem with a decorator, just because you can.</p>
 <p>You may find the source code for all the examples
-discussed here in the <tt class="docutils literal">documentation.py</tt> file, which contains
+discussed here in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">documentation.py</span></tt> file, which contains
 this documentation in the form of doctests.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="definitions">
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ the signature of their input function, or decorators returning
 non-callable objects.</li>
 </ul>
 <p>Signature-changing decorators have their use: for instance the
-builtin classes <tt class="docutils literal">staticmethod</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">classmethod</tt> are in this
+builtin classes <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">staticmethod</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">classmethod</span></tt> are in this
 group, since they take functions and return descriptor objects which
 are not functions, nor callables.</p>
 <p>However, signature-preserving decorators are more common and easier to
@@ -170,11 +170,11 @@ the issue.</p>
 <div class="section" id="statement-of-the-problem">
 <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Statement of the problem</a></h1>
 <p>A very common use case for decorators is the memoization of functions.
-A <tt class="docutils literal">memoize</tt> decorator works by caching
+A <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">memoize</span></tt> decorator works by caching
 the result of the function call in a dictionary, so that the next time
 the function is called with the same input parameters the result is retrieved
 from the cache and not recomputed. There are many implementations of
-<tt class="docutils literal">memoize</tt> in <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/moin/PythonDecoratorLibrary">http://www.python.org/moin/PythonDecoratorLibrary</a>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">memoize</span></tt> in <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/moin/PythonDecoratorLibrary">http://www.python.org/moin/PythonDecoratorLibrary</a>,
 but they do not preserve the signature.
 A simple implementation could be the following (notice
 that in general it is impossible to memoize correctly something
@@ -198,23 +198,23 @@ def memoize_uw(func):
 <p>Here we used the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.5.2/lib/module-functools.html">functools.update_wrapper</a> utility, which has
 been added in Python 2.5 expressly to simplify the definition of decorators
 (in older versions of Python you need to copy the function attributes
-<tt class="docutils literal">__name__</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">__doc__</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">__module__</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">__dict__</tt>
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__name__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__doc__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__module__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__dict__</span></tt>
 from the original function to the decorated function by hand).</p>
 <p>The implementation above works in the sense that the decorator
 can accept functions with generic signatures; unfortunately this
 implementation does <em>not</em> define a signature-preserving decorator, since in
-general <tt class="docutils literal">memoize_uw</tt> returns a function with a
+general <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">memoize_uw</span></tt> returns a function with a
 <em>different signature</em> from the original function.</p>
 <p>Consider for instance the following case:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="nd">@memoize_uw</span>
 <span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>
-<span class="o">...</span>     <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># simulate some long computation</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>     <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># simulate some long computation</span>
 <span class="o">...</span>     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">x</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
-<p>Here the original function takes a single argument named <tt class="docutils literal">x</tt>,
+<p>Here the original function takes a single argument named <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span></tt>,
 but the decorated function takes any number of arguments and
 keyword arguments:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
@@ -225,15 +225,15 @@ keyword arguments:</p>
 
 </div>
 <p>This means that introspection tools such as pydoc will give
-wrong informations about the signature of <tt class="docutils literal">f1</tt>. This is pretty bad:
+wrong informations about the signature of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f1</span></tt>. This is pretty bad:
 pydoc will tell you that the function accepts a generic signature
-<tt class="docutils literal">*args</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">**kw</tt>, but when you try to call the function with more than an
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">*args</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">**kw</span></tt>, but when you try to call the function with more than an
 argument, you will get an error:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
-<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
 <span class="n">Traceback</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">most</span> <span class="n">recent</span> <span class="n">call</span> <span class="n">last</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="o">...</span>
-<span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">takes</span> <span class="n">exactly</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="n">argument</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="n">given</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">takes</span> <span class="n">exactly</span> <span class="mf">1</span> <span class="n">argument</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">2</span> <span class="n">given</span><span class="p">)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -242,18 +242,18 @@ argument, you will get an error:</p>
 <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">The solution</a></h1>
 <p>The solution is to provide a generic factory of generators, which
 hides the complexity of making signature-preserving decorators
-from the application programmer. The <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> function in
-the <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> module is such a factory:</p>
+from the application programmer. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> function in
+the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> module is such a factory:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">decorator</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">decorator</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
-<p><tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> takes two arguments, a caller function describing the
+<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> takes two arguments, a caller function describing the
 functionality of the decorator and a function to be decorated; it
 returns the decorated function. The caller function must have
-signature <tt class="docutils literal">(f, *args, **kw)</tt> and it must call the original function <tt class="docutils literal">f</tt>
-with arguments <tt class="docutils literal">args</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">kw</tt>, implementing the wanted capability,
+signature <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(f,</span> <span class="pre">*args,</span> <span class="pre">**kw)</span></tt> and it must call the original function <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f</span></tt>
+with arguments <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">args</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">kw</span></tt>, implementing the wanted capability,
 i.e. memoization in this case:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 def _memoize(func, *args, **kw):
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ def memoize(f):
     f.cache = {}
     return decorator(_memoize, f)
 </pre>
-<p>The difference with respect to the <tt class="docutils literal">memoize_uw</tt> approach, which is based
+<p>The difference with respect to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">memoize_uw</span></tt> approach, which is based
 on nested functions, is that the decorator module forces you to lift
 the inner function at the outer level (<em>flat is better than nested</em>).
 Moreover, you are forced to pass explicitly the function you want to
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ decorate to the caller function.</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="nd">@memoize</span>
 <span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">heavy_computation</span><span class="p">():</span>
-<span class="o">...</span>     <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>     <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
 <span class="o">...</span>     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&quot;done&quot;</span>
 
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">heavy_computation</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c"># the first time it will take 2 seconds</span>
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ decorate to the caller function.</p>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
-<p>The signature of <tt class="docutils literal">heavy_computation</tt> is the one you would expect:</p>
+<p>The signature of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">heavy_computation</span></tt> is the one you would expect:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">getargspec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">heavy_computation</span><span class="p">)</span>
 <span class="n">ArgSpec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[],</span> <span class="n">varargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">keywords</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">defaults</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
@@ -303,9 +303,9 @@ decorate to the caller function.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="a-trace-decorator">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">A <tt class="docutils literal">trace</tt> decorator</a></h1>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">A <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trace</span></tt> decorator</a></h1>
 <p>As an additional example, here is how you can define a trivial
-<tt class="docutils literal">trace</tt> decorator, which prints a message everytime the traced
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trace</span></tt> decorator, which prints a message everytime the traced
 function is called:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 def _trace(f, *args, **kw):
@@ -324,10 +324,10 @@ def trace(f):
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
-<p>It is immediate to verify that <tt class="docutils literal">f1</tt> works</p>
+<p>It is immediate to verify that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f1</span></tt> works</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
-<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="n">calling</span> <span class="n">f1</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,),</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">calling</span> <span class="n">f1</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,),</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -341,27 +341,27 @@ def trace(f):
 <p>The same decorator works with functions of any signature:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="nd">@trace</span>
-<span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">z</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">z</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="p">):</span>
 <span class="o">...</span>     <span class="k">pass</span>
 
-<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="n">calling</span> <span class="n">f</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">calling</span> <span class="n">f</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
 
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">getargspec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="n">ArgSpec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;x&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;y&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;z&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">varargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;args&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">keywords</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;kw&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">defaults</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="n">ArgSpec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;x&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;y&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;z&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">varargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;args&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">keywords</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;kw&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">defaults</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
 <p>That includes even functions with exotic signatures like the following:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="nd">@trace</span>
-<span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">exotic_signature</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)):</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">y</span>
+<span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">exotic_signature</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">)):</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">y</span>
 
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">getargspec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">exotic_signature</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="n">ArgSpec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[[</span><span class="s">&#39;x&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;y&#39;</span><span class="p">]],</span> <span class="n">varargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">keywords</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">defaults</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),))</span>
+<span class="n">ArgSpec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[[</span><span class="s">&#39;x&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;y&#39;</span><span class="p">]],</span> <span class="n">varargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">keywords</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">defaults</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">),))</span>
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">exotic_signature</span><span class="p">()</span>
-<span class="n">calling</span> <span class="n">exotic_signature</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),),</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
-<span class="mi">3</span>
+<span class="n">calling</span> <span class="n">exotic_signature</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">),),</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="mf">3</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -369,18 +369,18 @@ def trace(f):
 in Python 2.6 and removed in Python 3.0.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="decorator-is-a-decorator">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8"><tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> is a decorator</a></h1>
-<p>It may be annoying to write a caller function (like the <tt class="docutils literal">_trace</tt>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> is a decorator</a></h1>
+<p>It may be annoying to write a caller function (like the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_trace</span></tt>
 function above) and then a trivial wrapper
-(<tt class="docutils literal">def trace(f): return decorator(_trace, f)</tt>) every time. For this reason,
-the <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> module provides an easy shortcut to convert
+(<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">def</span> <span class="pre">trace(f):</span> <span class="pre">return</span> <span class="pre">decorator(_trace,</span> <span class="pre">f)</span></tt>) every time. For this reason,
+the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> module provides an easy shortcut to convert
 the caller function into a signature-preserving decorator:
-you can just call <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> with a single argument.
-In our example you can just write <tt class="docutils literal">trace = decorator(_trace)</tt>.
-The <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> function can also be used as a signature-changing
-decorator, just as <tt class="docutils literal">classmethod</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">staticmethod</tt>.
-However, <tt class="docutils literal">classmethod</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">staticmethod</tt> return generic
-objects which are not callable, while <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> returns
+you can just call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> with a single argument.
+In our example you can just write <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trace</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">decorator(_trace)</span></tt>.
+The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> function can also be used as a signature-changing
+decorator, just as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">classmethod</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">staticmethod</span></tt>.
+However, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">classmethod</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">staticmethod</span></tt> return generic
+objects which are not callable, while <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> returns
 signature-preserving decorators, i.e. functions of a single argument.
 For instance, you can write directly</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
@@ -391,11 +391,11 @@ For instance, you can write directly</p>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
-<p>and now <tt class="docutils literal">trace</tt> will be a decorator. Actually <tt class="docutils literal">trace</tt> is a <tt class="docutils literal">partial</tt>
+<p>and now <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trace</span></tt> will be a decorator. Actually <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trace</span></tt> is a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">partial</span></tt>
 object which can be used as a decorator:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">trace</span>
-<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">function</span> <span class="n">trace</span> <span class="n">at</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">...&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">function</span> <span class="n">trace</span> <span class="n">at</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">...&gt;</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -410,12 +410,12 @@ object which can be used as a decorator:</p>
 
 </div>
 <p>If you are using an old Python version (Python 2.4) the
-<tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> module provides a poor man replacement for
-<tt class="docutils literal">functools.partial</tt>.</p>
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> module provides a poor man replacement for
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">functools.partial</span></tt>.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="blocking">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9"><tt class="docutils literal">blocking</tt></a></h1>
-<p>Sometimes one has to deal with blocking resources, such as <tt class="docutils literal">stdin</tt>, and
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">blocking</span></tt></a></h1>
+<p>Sometimes one has to deal with blocking resources, such as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stdin</span></tt>, and
 sometimes it is best to have back a &quot;busy&quot; message than to block everything.
 This behavior can be implemented with a suitable family of decorators,
 where the parameter is the busy message:</p>
@@ -434,23 +434,23 @@ def blocking(not_avail):
             return f.result
     return decorator(blocking)
 </pre>
-<p>Functions decorated with <tt class="docutils literal">blocking</tt> will return a busy message if
+<p>Functions decorated with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">blocking</span></tt> will return a busy message if
 the resource is unavailable, and the intended result if the resource is
 available. For instance:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="nd">@blocking</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Please wait ...&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
 <span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">read_data</span><span class="p">():</span>
-<span class="o">...</span>     <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># simulate a blocking resource</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>     <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># simulate a blocking resource</span>
 <span class="o">...</span>     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&quot;some data&quot;</span>
 
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">read_data</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c"># data is not available yet</span>
 <span class="n">Please</span> <span class="n">wait</span> <span class="o">...</span>
 
-<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">read_data</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c"># data is not available yet</span>
 <span class="n">Please</span> <span class="n">wait</span> <span class="o">...</span>
 
-<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">read_data</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c"># data is not available yet</span>
 <span class="n">Please</span> <span class="n">wait</span> <span class="o">...</span>
 
@@ -462,20 +462,20 @@ available. For instance:</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="async">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10"><tt class="docutils literal">async</tt></a></h1>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">async</span></tt></a></h1>
 <p>We have just seen an examples of a simple decorator factory,
 implemented as a function returning a decorator.
 For more complex situations, it is more
 convenient to implement decorator factories as classes returning
 callable objects that can be used as signature-preserving
 decorators. The suggested pattern to do that is to introduce
-a helper method <tt class="docutils literal">call(self, func, *args, **kw)</tt> and to call
-it in the <tt class="docutils literal">__call__(self, func)</tt> method.</p>
+a helper method <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">call(self,</span> <span class="pre">func,</span> <span class="pre">*args,</span> <span class="pre">**kw)</span></tt> and to call
+it in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__call__(self,</span> <span class="pre">func)</span></tt> method.</p>
 <p>As an example, here I show a decorator
 which is able to convert a blocking function into an asynchronous
 function. The function, when called,
 is executed in a separate thread. Moreover, it is possible to set
-three callbacks <tt class="docutils literal">on_success</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">on_failure</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">on_closing</tt>,
+three callbacks <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">on_success</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">on_failure</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">on_closing</span></tt>,
 to specify how to manage the function call.
 The implementation is the following:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ class Async(object):
 </pre>
 <p>The decorated function returns
 the current execution thread, which can be stored and checked later, for
-instance to verify that the thread <tt class="docutils literal">.isAlive()</tt>.</p>
+instance to verify that the thread <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.isAlive()</span></tt>.</p>
 <p>Here is an example of usage. Suppose one wants to write some data to
 an external resource which can be accessed by a single user at once
 (for instance a printer). Then the access to the writing function must
@@ -546,24 +546,24 @@ be locked. Here is a minimalistic example:</p>
 <span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">):</span>
 <span class="o">...</span>     <span class="c"># append data to the datalist by locking</span>
 <span class="o">...</span>     <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">threading</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Lock</span><span class="p">():</span>
-<span class="o">...</span>         <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># emulate some long running operation</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>         <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># emulate some long running operation</span>
 <span class="o">...</span>         <span class="n">datalist</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
 <span class="o">...</span>     <span class="c"># other operations not requiring a lock here</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
-<p>Each call to <tt class="docutils literal">write</tt> will create a new writer thread, but there will
-be no synchronization problems since <tt class="docutils literal">write</tt> is locked.</p>
+<p>Each call to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">write</span></tt> will create a new writer thread, but there will
+be no synchronization problems since <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">write</span></tt> is locked.</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;data1&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Thread</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">started</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Thread</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">started</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
 
-<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># wait a bit, so we are sure data2 is written after data1</span>
+<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># wait a bit, so we are sure data2 is written after data1</span>
 
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;data2&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Thread</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">started</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Thread</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">started</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
 
-<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># wait for the writers to complete</span>
+<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># wait for the writers to complete</span>
 
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">datalist</span>
 <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;data1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;data2&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
@@ -572,38 +572,38 @@ be no synchronization problems since <tt class="docutils literal">write</tt> is
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="the-functionmaker-class">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">The <tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker</tt> class</a></h1>
-<p>You may wonder about how the functionality of the <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> module
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker</span></tt> class</a></h1>
+<p>You may wonder about how the functionality of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> module
 is implemented. The basic building block is
-a <tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker</tt> class which is able to generate on the fly
+a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker</span></tt> class which is able to generate on the fly
 functions with a given name and signature from a function template
 passed as a string. Generally speaking, you should not need to
-resort to <tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker</tt> when writing ordinary decorators, but
+resort to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker</span></tt> when writing ordinary decorators, but
 it is handy in some circumstances. You will see an example shortly, in
-the implementation of a cool decorator utility (<tt class="docutils literal">decorator_apply</tt>).</p>
-<p><tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker</tt> provides a <tt class="docutils literal">.create</tt> classmethod which
+the implementation of a cool decorator utility (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator_apply</span></tt>).</p>
+<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker</span></tt> provides a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.create</span></tt> classmethod which
 takes as input the name, signature, and body of the function
 we want to generate as well as the execution environment
-were the function is generated by <tt class="docutils literal">exec</tt>. Here is an example:</p>
+were the function is generated by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exec</span></tt>. Here is an example:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c"># a function with a generic signature</span>
 <span class="o">...</span>     <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">kw</span>
 
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">FunctionMaker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;f1(a, b)&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;f(a, b)&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">))</span>
-<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
 <p>It is important to notice that the function body is interpolated
-before being executed, so be careful with the <tt class="docutils literal">%</tt> sign!</p>
-<p><tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker.create</tt> also accepts keyword arguments and such
+before being executed, so be careful with the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%</span></tt> sign!</p>
+<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker.create</span></tt> also accepts keyword arguments and such
 arguments are attached to the resulting function. This is useful
 if you want to set some function attributes, for instance the
-docstring <tt class="docutils literal">__doc__</tt>.</p>
+docstring <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__doc__</span></tt>.</p>
 <p>For debugging/introspection purposes it may be useful to see
 the source code of the generated function; to do that, just
-pass the flag <tt class="docutils literal">addsource=True</tt> and a <tt class="docutils literal">__source__</tt> attribute will
+pass the flag <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">addsource=True</span></tt> and a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__source__</span></tt> attribute will
 be added to the generated function:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">FunctionMaker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">(</span>
@@ -615,44 +615,44 @@ be added to the generated function:</p>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
-<p><tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker.create</tt> can take as first argument a string,
+<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker.create</span></tt> can take as first argument a string,
 as in the examples before, or a function. This is the most common
 usage, since typically you want to decorate a pre-existing
-function. A framework author may want to use directly <tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker.create</tt>
-instead of <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt>, since it gives you direct access to the body
+function. A framework author may want to use directly <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker.create</span></tt>
+instead of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt>, since it gives you direct access to the body
 of the generated function. For instance, suppose you want to instrument
-the <tt class="docutils literal">__init__</tt> methods of a set of classes, by preserving their
+the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__init__</span></tt> methods of a set of classes, by preserving their
 signature (such use case is not made up; this is done in SQAlchemy
-and in other frameworks). When the first argument of <tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker.create</tt>
-is a function, a <tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker</tt> object is instantiated internally,
-with attributes <tt class="docutils literal">args</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">varargs</tt>,
-<tt class="docutils literal">keywords</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">defaults</tt> which are the
-the return values of the standard library function <tt class="docutils literal">inspect.getargspec</tt>.
-For each argument in the <tt class="docutils literal">args</tt> (which is a list of strings containing
-the names of the mandatory arguments) an attribute <tt class="docutils literal">arg0</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">arg1</tt>,
-..., <tt class="docutils literal">argN</tt> is also generated. Finally, there is a <tt class="docutils literal">signature</tt>
+and in other frameworks). When the first argument of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker.create</span></tt>
+is a function, a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker</span></tt> object is instantiated internally,
+with attributes <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">args</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">varargs</span></tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">keywords</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">defaults</span></tt> which are the
+the return values of the standard library function <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inspect.getargspec</span></tt>.
+For each argument in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">args</span></tt> (which is a list of strings containing
+the names of the mandatory arguments) an attribute <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">arg0</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">arg1</span></tt>,
+..., <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argN</span></tt> is also generated. Finally, there is a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">signature</span></tt>
 attribute, a string with the signature of the original function.</p>
 <p>Notice that while I do not have plans
 to change or remove the functionality provided in the
-<tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker</tt> class, I do not guarantee that it will stay
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker</span></tt> class, I do not guarantee that it will stay
 unchanged forever. For instance, right now I am using the traditional
 string interpolation syntax for function templates, but Python 2.6
 and Python 3.0 provide a newer interpolation syntax and I may use
 the new syntax in the future.
 On the other hand, the functionality provided by
-<tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> has been there from version 0.1 and it is guaranteed to
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> has been there from version 0.1 and it is guaranteed to
 stay there forever.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="getting-the-source-code">
 <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Getting the source code</a></h1>
-<p>Internally <tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker.create</tt> uses <tt class="docutils literal">exec</tt> to generate the
+<p>Internally <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker.create</span></tt> uses <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exec</span></tt> to generate the
 decorated function. Therefore
-<tt class="docutils literal">inspect.getsource</tt> will not work for decorated functions. That
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inspect.getsource</span></tt> will not work for decorated functions. That
 means that the usual '??' trick in IPython will give you the (right on
-the spot) message <tt class="docutils literal">Dynamically generated function. No source code
-available</tt>.  In the past I have considered this acceptable, since
-<tt class="docutils literal">inspect.getsource</tt> does not really work even with regular
-decorators. In that case <tt class="docutils literal">inspect.getsource</tt> gives you the wrapper
+the spot) message <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Dynamically</span> <span class="pre">generated</span> <span class="pre">function.</span> <span class="pre">No</span> <span class="pre">source</span> <span class="pre">code</span>
+<span class="pre">available</span></tt>.  In the past I have considered this acceptable, since
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inspect.getsource</span></tt> does not really work even with regular
+decorators. In that case <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inspect.getsource</span></tt> gives you the wrapper
 source code which is probably not what you want:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 def identity_dec(func):
@@ -674,17 +674,17 @@ def identity_dec(func):
 <p>(see bug report <a class="reference external" href="http://bugs.python.org/issue1764286">1764286</a> for an explanation of what is happening).
 Unfortunately the bug is still there, even in Python 2.7 and 3.1.
 There is however a workaround. The decorator module adds an
-attribute <tt class="docutils literal">.undecorated</tt> to the decorated function, containing
+attribute <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.undecorated</span></tt> to the decorated function, containing
 a reference to the original function. The easy way to get
-the source code is to call <tt class="docutils literal">inspect.getsource</tt> on the
+the source code is to call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inspect.getsource</span></tt> on the
 undecorated function:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">inspect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getsource</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">factorial</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">undecorated</span><span class="p">)</span>
 <span class="nd">@tail_recursive</span>
-<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">acc</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">acc</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
     <span class="s">&quot;The good old factorial&quot;</span>
-    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">acc</span>
-    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">acc</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">acc</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">acc</span><span class="p">)</span>
 <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">BLANKLINE</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
 </pre></div>
 
@@ -696,8 +696,8 @@ undecorated function:</p>
 like to include in your code. However, more often than not the cool
 decorator is not signature-preserving. Therefore you may want an easy way to
 upgrade third party decorators to signature-preserving decorators without
-having to rewrite them in terms of <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt>. You can use a
-<tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker</tt> to implement that functionality as follows:</p>
+having to rewrite them in terms of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt>. You can use a
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker</span></tt> to implement that functionality as follows:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 def decorator_apply(dec, func):
     &quot;&quot;&quot;
@@ -708,15 +708,15 @@ def decorator_apply(dec, func):
         func, 'return decorated(%(signature)s)',
         dict(decorated=dec(func)), undecorated=func)
 </pre>
-<p><tt class="docutils literal">decorator_apply</tt> sets the attribute <tt class="docutils literal">.undecorated</tt> of the generated
+<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator_apply</span></tt> sets the attribute <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.undecorated</span></tt> of the generated
 function to the original function, so that you can get the right
 source code.</p>
-<p>Notice that I am not providing this functionality in the <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt>
+<p>Notice that I am not providing this functionality in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt>
 module directly since I think it is best to rewrite the decorator rather
 than adding an additional level of indirection. However, practicality
-beats purity, so you can add <tt class="docutils literal">decorator_apply</tt> to your toolbox and
+beats purity, so you can add <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator_apply</span></tt> to your toolbox and
 use it if you need to.</p>
-<p>In order to give an example of usage of <tt class="docutils literal">decorator_apply</tt>, I will show a
+<p>In order to give an example of usage of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator_apply</span></tt>, I will show a
 pretty slick decorator that converts a tail-recursive function in an iterative
 function. I have shamelessly stolen the basic idea from Kay Schluehr's recipe
 in the Python Cookbook,
@@ -767,14 +767,14 @@ def factorial(n, acc=1):
     return factorial(n-1, n*acc)
 </pre>
 <div class="codeblock python">
-<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="mi">24</span>
+<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="mf">24</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
 <p>This decorator is pretty impressive, and should give you some food for
 your mind ;) Notice that there is no recursion limit now, and you can
-easily compute <tt class="docutils literal">factorial(1001)</tt> or larger without filling the stack
+easily compute <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">factorial(1001)</span></tt> or larger without filling the stack
 frame. Notice also that the decorator will not work on functions which
 are not tail recursive, such as the following</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
@@ -810,7 +810,7 @@ def f():
     pass
 &quot; &quot;f()&quot;
 </pre>
-<p>On my MacBook, using the <tt class="docutils literal">do_nothing</tt> decorator instead of the
+<p>On my MacBook, using the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">do_nothing</span></tt> decorator instead of the
 plain function is more than three times slower:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 $ bash performance.sh
@@ -818,7 +818,7 @@ $ bash performance.sh
 1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.273 usec per loop
 </pre>
 <p>It should be noted that a real life function would probably do
-something more useful than <tt class="docutils literal">f</tt> here, and therefore in real life the
+something more useful than <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f</span></tt> here, and therefore in real life the
 performance penalty could be completely negligible.  As always, the
 only way to know if there is
 a penalty in your specific use case is to measure it.</p>
@@ -827,45 +827,45 @@ longer and more difficult to understand. Consider this example:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="nd">@trace</span>
 <span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">():</span>
-<span class="o">...</span>     <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">0</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>     <span class="mf">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">0</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
-<p>Calling <tt class="docutils literal">f()</tt> will give you a <tt class="docutils literal">ZeroDivisionError</tt>, but since the
+<p>Calling <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f()</span></tt> will give you a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ZeroDivisionError</span></tt>, but since the
 function is decorated the traceback will be longer:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">()</span>
 <span class="n">Traceback</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">most</span> <span class="n">recent</span> <span class="n">call</span> <span class="n">last</span><span class="p">):</span>
   <span class="o">...</span>
-     <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s">&quot;&lt;string&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">f</span>
-     <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s">&quot;&lt;doctest __main__[18]&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">trace</span>
+     <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s">&quot;&lt;string&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">f</span>
+     <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s">&quot;&lt;doctest __main__[18]&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">trace</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="p">)</span>
-     <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s">&quot;&lt;doctest __main__[47]&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">f</span>
-       <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">0</span>
+     <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s">&quot;&lt;doctest __main__[47]&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">f</span>
+       <span class="mf">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">0</span>
 <span class="ne">ZeroDivisionError</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">integer</span> <span class="n">division</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">modulo</span> <span class="n">by</span> <span class="n">zero</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
-<p>You see here the inner call to the decorator <tt class="docutils literal">trace</tt>, which calls
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f(*args,</span> **kw)</tt>, and a reference to  <tt class="docutils literal">File <span class="pre">&quot;&lt;string&gt;&quot;,</span> line 2, in f</tt>.
+<p>You see here the inner call to the decorator <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trace</span></tt>, which calls
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f(*args,</span> <span class="pre">**kw)</span></tt>, and a reference to  <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">File</span> <span class="pre">&quot;&lt;string&gt;&quot;,</span> <span class="pre">line</span> <span class="pre">2,</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">f</span></tt>.
 This latter reference is due to the fact that internally the decorator
-module uses <tt class="docutils literal">exec</tt> to generate the decorated function. Notice that
-<tt class="docutils literal">exec</tt> is <em>not</em> responsibile for the performance penalty, since is the
+module uses <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exec</span></tt> to generate the decorated function. Notice that
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exec</span></tt> is <em>not</em> responsibile for the performance penalty, since is the
 called <em>only once</em> at function decoration time, and not every time
 the decorated function is called.</p>
-<p>At present, there is no clean way to avoid <tt class="docutils literal">exec</tt>. A clean solution
+<p>At present, there is no clean way to avoid <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exec</span></tt>. A clean solution
 would require to change the CPython implementation of functions and
 add an hook to make it possible to change their signature directly.
 That could happen in future versions of Python (see PEP <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0362">362</a>) and
 then the decorator module would become obsolete. However, at present,
 even in Python 3.1 it is impossible to change the function signature
-directly, therefore the <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> module is still useful.
+directly, therefore the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> module is still useful.
 Actually, this is one of the main reasons why I keep maintaining
 the module and releasing new versions.</p>
-<p>In the present implementation, decorators generated by <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt>
+<p>In the present implementation, decorators generated by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt>
 can only be used on user-defined Python functions or methods, not on generic
 callable objects, nor on built-in functions, due to limitations of the
-<tt class="docutils literal">inspect</tt> module in the standard library. Moreover, notice
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inspect</span></tt> module in the standard library. Moreover, notice
 that you can decorate a method, but only before if becomes a bound or unbound
 method, i.e. inside the class.
 Here is an example of valid decoration:</p>
@@ -894,13 +894,13 @@ called too late:</p>
 <p>The solution is to extract the inner function from the unbound method:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">trace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">C</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">meth</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">im_func</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">function</span> <span class="n">meth</span> <span class="n">at</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">...&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">function</span> <span class="n">meth</span> <span class="n">at</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">...&gt;</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
 <p>There is a restriction on the names of the arguments: for instance,
-if try to call an argument <tt class="docutils literal">_call_</tt> or <tt class="docutils literal">_func_</tt>
-you will get a <tt class="docutils literal">NameError</tt>:</p>
+if try to call an argument <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_call_</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_func_</span></tt>
+you will get a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NameError</span></tt>:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="nd">@trace</span>
 <span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_func_</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">f</span>
@@ -914,10 +914,10 @@ you will get a <tt class="docutils literal">NameError</tt>:</p>
 
 </div>
 <p>Finally, the implementation is such that the decorated function
-attribute <tt class="docutils literal">.func_globals</tt> is a <em>copy</em> of the original function
+attribute <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.func_globals</span></tt> is a <em>copy</em> of the original function
 attribute. Moreover the decorated function contains
 a <em>copy</em> of the original function dictionary
-(<tt class="docutils literal">vars(decorated_f) is not vars(f)</tt>):</p>
+(<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">vars(decorated_f)</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">vars(f)</span></tt>):</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="k">pass</span> <span class="c"># the original function</span>
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attr1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;something&quot;</span> <span class="c"># setting an attribute</span>
@@ -936,45 +936,42 @@ a <em>copy</em> of the original function dictionary
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="compatibility-notes">
 <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">Compatibility notes</a></h1>
-<p>Version 3.2 is the first version of the <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> module to officially
-support Python 3. Actually, the module has supported Python 3 from
-the beginning, via the <tt class="docutils literal">2to3</tt> conversion tool, but this step has
-been now integrated in the build process, thanks to the <a class="reference external" href="http://packages.python.org/distribute/">distribute</a>
-project, the Python 3-compatible replacement of easy_install.
-The hard work (for me) has been converting the documentation and the
-doctests.  This has been possible only now that <a class="reference external" href="http://docutils.sourceforge.net/">docutils</a> and <a class="reference external" href="http://pygments.org/">pygments</a>
-have been ported to Python 3.</p>
-<p>The <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> module <em>per se</em> does not contain any change, apart
-from the removal of the functions <tt class="docutils literal">get_info</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">new_wrapper</tt>,
-which have been deprecated for years. <tt class="docutils literal">get_info</tt> has been removed
-since it was little used and since it had to be changed anyway to work
-with Python 3.0; <tt class="docutils literal">new_wrapper</tt> has been removed since it was
-useless: its major use case (converting signature changing decorators
-to signature preserving decorators) has been subsumed by
-<tt class="docutils literal">decorator_apply</tt> and the other use case can be managed with the
-<tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker</tt>.</p>
+<p>Version 3.3 is the first version of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> module to fully
+support Python 3, including <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3107/">function annotations</a>. Version 3.2 was the
+first version to support Python 3 via the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2to3</span></tt> conversion tool
+invoked in the build process by the <a class="reference external" href="http://packages.python.org/distribute/">distribute</a> project, the Python
+3-compatible replacement of easy_install.  The hard work (for me) has
+been converting the documentation and the doctests.  This has been
+possible only after that <a class="reference external" href="http://docutils.sourceforge.net/">docutils</a> and <a class="reference external" href="http://pygments.org/">pygments</a> have been ported to
+Python 3.</p>
+<p>Version 3 of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> module do not contain any backward
+incompatible change, apart from the removal of the functions
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_info</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">new_wrapper</span></tt>, which have been deprecated for
+years. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_info</span></tt> has been removed since it was little used and
+since it had to be changed anyway to work with Python 3.0;
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">new_wrapper</span></tt> has been removed since it was useless: its major use
+case (converting signature changing decorators to signature preserving
+decorators) has been subsumed by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator_apply</span></tt>, whereas the other use
+case can be managed with the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker</span></tt>.</p>
 <p>There are a few changes in the documentation: I removed the
-<tt class="docutils literal">decorator_factory</tt> example, which was confusing some of my users,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator_factory</span></tt> example, which was confusing some of my users,
 and I removed the part about exotic signatures in the Python 3
-documentation, since Python 3 does not support them.
-Notice that there is no support for Python 3 <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3107/">function annotations</a>
-since it seems premature at the moment, when most people are
-still using Python 2.X.</p>
-<p>Finally <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> cannot be used as a class decorator and the
+documentation, since Python 3 does not support them.</p>
+<p>Finally <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> cannot be used as a class decorator and the
 <a class="reference external" href="http://www.phyast.pitt.edu/~micheles/python/documentation.html#class-decorators-and-decorator-factories">functionality introduced in version 2.3</a> has been removed. That
 means that in order to define decorator factories with classes you
-need to define the <tt class="docutils literal">__call__</tt> method explicitly (no magic anymore).
+need to define the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__call__</span></tt> method explicitly (no magic anymore).
 All these changes should not cause any trouble, since they were
 all rarely used features. Should you have any trouble, you can always
 downgrade to the 2.3 version.</p>
 <p>The examples shown here have been tested with Python 2.6. Python 2.4
-is also supported - of course the examples requiring the <tt class="docutils literal">with</tt>
+is also supported - of course the examples requiring the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></tt>
 statement will not work there. Python 2.5 works fine, but if you
 run the examples in the interactive interpreter
 you will notice a few differences since
-<tt class="docutils literal">getargspec</tt> returns an <tt class="docutils literal">ArgSpec</tt> namedtuple instead of a regular
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getargspec</span></tt> returns an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ArgSpec</span></tt> namedtuple instead of a regular
 tuple. That means that running the file
-<tt class="docutils literal">documentation.py</tt> under Python 2.5 will print a few errors, but
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">documentation.py</span></tt> under Python 2.5 will print a few errors, but
 they are not serious.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="licence">
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 711.0236 cm
 q
 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Consider for instance the following case:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Consider for instance the following case:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 665.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 641.8236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -1969,20 +1992,20 @@ q
 n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize_uw) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (x) Tj (\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# simulate some long computation) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (x) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize_uw) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (x) Tj (\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# simulate some long computation) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (x) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 633.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 609.8236 cm
 q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .26311 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the original function takes a single argument named ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (x) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but the decorated function takes any number) Tj T* 0 Tw (of arguments and keyword arguments:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .26311 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the original function takes a single argument named ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (x) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but the decorated function takes any number) Tj T* 0 Tw (of arguments and keyword arguments:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 576.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 552.6236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -1995,20 +2018,20 @@ q
 n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (inspect) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (getargspec) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (getargspec) Tj (\() Tj (f1) Tj (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# I am using Python 2.6+ here) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (ArgSpec) Tj (\() Tj (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([],) Tj ( ) Tj (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('args') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (keywords) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('kw') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (inspect) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (getargspec) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (getargspec) Tj (\() Tj (f1) Tj (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# I am using Python 2.6+ here) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (ArgSpec) Tj (\() Tj (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([],) Tj ( ) Tj (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('args') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (keywords) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('kw') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 532.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 508.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .411235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This means that introspection tools such as pydoc will give wrong informations about the signature of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f1) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* 0 Tw .161654 Tw (This is pretty bad: pydoc will tell you that the function accepts a generic signature ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (*args) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (**kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but when) Tj T* 0 Tw (you try to call the function with more than an argument, you will get an error:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .411235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This means that introspection tools such as pydoc will give wrong informations about the signature of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f1) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* 0 Tw .161654 Tw (This is pretty bad: pydoc will tell you that the function accepts a generic signature ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (*args) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (**kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but when) Tj T* 0 Tw (you try to call the function with more than an argument, you will get an error:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 463.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 439.4236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2021,26 +2044,26 @@ q
 n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f1) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* (Traceback) Tj ( ) Tj (\() Tj (most) Tj ( ) Tj (recent) Tj ( ) Tj (call) Tj ( ) Tj (last) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (   ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F3 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (TypeError) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj (f1) Tj (\(\)) Tj ( ) Tj (takes) Tj ( ) Tj (exactly) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (argument) Tj ( ) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (given) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f1) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* (Traceback) Tj ( ) Tj (\() Tj (most) Tj ( ) Tj (recent) Tj ( ) Tj (call) Tj ( ) Tj (last) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (   ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F3 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (TypeError) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj (f1) Tj (\(\)) Tj ( ) Tj (takes) Tj ( ) Tj (exactly) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (argument) Tj ( ) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (given) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 430.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 406.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 388.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 364.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 3.313984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution is to provide a generic factory of generators, which hides the complexity of making) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.362976 Tw (signature-preserving decorators from the application programmer. The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function in the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module is such a factory:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 3.313984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution is to provide a generic factory of generators, which hides the complexity of making) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.362976 Tw (signature-preserving decorators from the application programmer. The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function in the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module is such a factory:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 355.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 331.2236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2053,20 +2076,20 @@ q
 n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (decorator) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (decorator) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 299.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 275.2236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.716412 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (takes two arguments, a caller function describing the functionality of the decorator and a) Tj T* 0 Tw .821984 Tw (function to be decorated; it returns the decorated function. The caller function must have signature ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (\(f,) Tj T* 0 Tw .65061 Tw (*args, **kw\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and it must call the original function ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with arguments ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (args ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, implementing the) Tj T* 0 Tw (wanted capability, i.e. memoization in this case:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.716412 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (takes two arguments, a caller function describing the functionality of the decorator and a) Tj T* 0 Tw .821984 Tw (function to be decorated; it returns the decorated function. The caller function must have signature ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (\(f,) Tj T* 0 Tw .65061 Tw (*args, **kw\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and it must call the original function ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with arguments ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (args ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, implementing the) Tj T* 0 Tw (wanted capability, i.e. memoization in this case:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 146.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 122.0236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2080,51 +2103,31 @@ n -6 -6 468.6898 144 re B*
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 122 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (def _memoize\(func, *args, **kw\):) Tj T* (    if kw: # frozenset is used to ensure hashability) Tj T* (        key = args, frozenset\(kw.iteritems\(\)\)) Tj T* (    else:) Tj T* (        key = args) Tj T* (    cache = func.cache # attributed added by memoize) Tj T* (    if key in cache:) Tj T* (        return cache[key]) Tj T* (    else:) Tj T* (        cache[key] = result = func\(*args, **kw\)) Tj T* (        return result) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 125.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (def _memoize\(func, *args, **kw\):) Tj T* (    if kw: # frozenset is used to ensure hashability) Tj T* (        key = args, frozenset\(kw.iteritems\(\)\)) Tj T* (    else:) Tj T* (        key = args) Tj T* (    cache = func.cache # attributed added by memoize) Tj T* (    if key in cache:) Tj T* (        return cache[key]) Tj T* (    else:) Tj T* (        cache[key] = result = func\(*args, **kw\)) Tj T* (        return result) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 126.0236 cm
-q
-0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (At this point you can define your decorator as follows:) Tj T* ET
-Q
-Q
-q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 80.82362 cm
-q
-q
-1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
-q
-1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm
-q
-.662745 .662745 .662745 RG
-.5 w
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
-Q
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 102.0236 cm
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (def memoize\(f\):) Tj T* (    f.cache = {}) Tj T* ET
-Q
-Q
-Q
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (At this point you can define your decorator as follows:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 0 0 cm  BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
+1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 739.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 715.8236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2134,31 +2137,31 @@ q
 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
 .5 w
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (    return decorator\(_memoize, f\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (def memoize\(f\):) Tj T* (    f.cache = {}) Tj T* (    return decorator\(_memoize, f\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 695.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 671.8236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .12561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The difference with respect to the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (memoize_uw ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (approach, which is based on nested functions, is that the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.59528 Tw (decorator module forces you to lift the inner function at the outer level \() Tj /F5 10 Tf (flat is better than nested) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* 0 Tw (Moreover, you are forced to pass explicitly the function you want to decorate to the caller function.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .12561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The difference with respect to the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (memoize_uw ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (approach, which is based on nested functions, is that the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.59528 Tw (decorator module forces you to lift the inner function at the outer level \() Tj /F5 10 Tf (flat is better than nested) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* 0 Tw (Moreover, you are forced to pass explicitly the function you want to decorate to the caller function.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 677.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 653.8236 cm
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is a test of usage:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is a test of usage:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 536.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 512.6236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2171,20 +2174,20 @@ q
 n -6 -6 468.6898 132 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (heavy_computation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("done") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\(\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the first time it will take 2 seconds) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (done) Tj  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\(\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the second time it will be instantaneous) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (done) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (heavy_computation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("done") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\(\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the first time it will take 2 seconds) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (done) Tj  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\(\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the second time it will be instantaneous) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (done) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 516.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 492.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The signature of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (heavy_computation ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the one you would expect:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The signature of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (heavy_computation ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the one you would expect:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 471.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 447.4236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2197,26 +2200,26 @@ q
 n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (getargspec) Tj (\() Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\)) Tj  T* (ArgSpec) Tj (\() Tj (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([],) Tj ( ) Tj (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (keywords) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .479398 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As an additional example, here is how you can define a trivial ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator, which prints a message) Tj T* 0 Tw (everytime the traced function is called:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (def _trace\(f, *args, **kw\):) Tj T* (    print "calling %s with args %s, %s" % \(f.__name__, args, kw\)) Tj T* (    return f\(*args, **kw\)) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is immediate to verify that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f1 ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (works) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (and it that it has the correct signature:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 1.647485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (We have just seen an examples of a simple decorator factory, implemented as a function returning a) Tj T* 0 Tw .29784 Tw (decorator. For more complex situations, it is more convenient to implement decorator factories as classes) Tj T* 0 Tw .657674 Tw (returning callable objects that can be used as signature-preserving decorators. The suggested pattern to) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.109398 Tw (do that is to introduce a helper method ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (call\(self, func, *args, **kw\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and to call it in the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (__call__\(self, func\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .166654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As an example, here I show a decorator which is able to convert a blocking function into an asynchronous ) Tj T* 0 Tw .437633 Tw (function. The function, when called, is executed in a separate thread. Moreover, it is possible to set three) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .166654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As an example, here I show a decorator which is able to convert a blocking function into an asynchronous) Tj T* 0 Tw .437633 Tw (function. The function, when called, is executed in a separate thread. Moreover, it is possible to set three) Tj T* 0 Tw .074597 Tw (callbacks ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (on_success) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (on_failure ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (on_closing) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, to specify how to manage the function call. The) Tj T* 0 Tw (implementation is the following:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (def on_success\(result\): # default implementation) Tj T* (    "Called on the result of the function") Tj T* (    return result) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 410 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (class Async\(object\):) Tj T* (    """) Tj T* (    A decorator converting blocking functions into asynchronous) Tj T* (    functions, by using threads or processes. Examples:) Tj T*  T* (    async_with_threads =  Async\(threading.Thread\)) Tj T* (    async_with_processes =  Async\(multiprocessing.Process\)) Tj T* (    """) Tj T*  T* (    def __init__\(self, threadfactory\):) Tj T* (        self.threadfactory = threadfactory) Tj T*  T* (    def __call__\(self, func, on_success=on_success,) Tj T* (                 on_failure=on_failure, on_closing=on_closing\):) Tj T* (        # every decorated function has its own independent thread counter) Tj T* (        func.counter = itertools.count\(1\)) Tj T* (        func.on_success = on_success) Tj T* (        func.on_failure = on_failure) Tj T* (        func.on_closing = on_closing) Tj T* (        return decorator\(self.call, func\)) Tj T*  T* (    def call\(self, func, *args, **kw\):) Tj T* (        def func_wrapper\(\):) Tj T* (            try:) Tj T* (                result = func\(*args, **kw\)) Tj T* (            except:) Tj T* (                func.on_failure\(sys.exc_info\(\)\)) Tj T* (            else:) Tj T* (                return func.on_success\(result\)) Tj T* (            finally:) Tj T* (                func.on_closing\(\)) Tj T* (        name = '%s-%s' % \(func.__name__, func.counter.next\(\)\)) Tj T* (        thread = self.threadfactory\(None, func_wrapper, name\)) Tj T* (        thread.start\(\)) Tj T* (        return thread) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 65.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (            finally:) Tj T* (                func.on_closing\(\)) Tj T* (        name = '%s-%s' % \(func.__name__, func.counter.next\(\)\)) Tj T* (        thread = self.threadfactory\(None, func_wrapper, name\)) Tj T* (        thread.start\(\)) Tj T* (        return thread) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .865984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The decorated function returns the current execution thread, which can be stored and checked later, for) Tj T* 0 Tw (instance to verify that the thread ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.isAlive\(\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 125.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (async) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (Async) Tj (\() Tj (threading) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj (\)) Tj  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (datalist) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj ([]) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# for simplicity the written data are stored into a list.) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@async) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (write) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (data) Tj (\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# append data to the datalist by locking) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (with) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (threading) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Lock) Tj (\(\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (         ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# emulate some long running operation) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (         ) Tj (datalist) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (append) Tj (\() Tj (data) Tj (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# other operations not requiring a lock here) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .905868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Each call to ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (write ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will create a new writer thread, but there will be no synchronization problems since) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (write ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is locked.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .905868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Each call to ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (write ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will create a new writer thread, but there will be no synchronization problems since) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (write ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is locked.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 137.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (write) Tj (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("data1") Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (<) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj (\() Tj (write) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (started) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# wait a bit, so we are sure data2 is written after data1) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (write) Tj (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("data2") Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (<) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj (\() Tj (write) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (started) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# wait for the writers to complete) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (datalist) Tj  T* ([) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('data1') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('data2') Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 17.5 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F2 17.5 Tf (class) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 17.5 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F2 17.5 Tf (class) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 2.241412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You may wonder about how the functionality of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module is implemented. The basic) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.545868 Tw (building block is a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class which is able to generate on the fly functions with a given) Tj T* 0 Tw .047485 Tw (name and signature from a function template passed as a string. Generally speaking, you should not need) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.164983 Tw (to resort to ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (when writing ordinary decorators, but it is handy in some circumstances.) Tj T* 0 Tw (You will see an example shortly, in the implementation of a cool decorator utility \() Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator_apply) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 2.241412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You may wonder about how the functionality of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module is implemented. The basic) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.545868 Tw (building block is a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class which is able to generate on the fly functions with a given) Tj T* 0 Tw .047485 Tw (name and signature from a function template passed as a string. Generally speaking, you should not need) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.164983 Tw (to resort to ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (when writing ordinary decorators, but it is handy in some circumstances.) Tj T* 0 Tw (You will see an example shortly, in the implementation of a cool decorator utility \() Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator_apply) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 197.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ cat performance.sh) Tj T* (python -m timeit -s ") Tj T* (from decorator import decorator) Tj T*  T* (@decorator) Tj T* (def do_nothing\(func, *args, **kw\):) Tj T* (    return func\(*args, **kw\)) Tj T*  T* (@do_nothing) Tj T* (def f\(\):) Tj T* (    pass) Tj T* (" "f\(\)") Tj T*  T* (python -m timeit -s ") Tj T* (def f\(\):) Tj T* (    pass) Tj T* (" "f\(\)") Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .266235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (On my MacBook, using the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (do_nothing ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator instead of the plain function is more than three times) Tj T* 0 Tw (slower:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .266235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (On my MacBook, using the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (do_nothing ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator instead of the plain function is more than three times) Tj T* 0 Tw (slower:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ bash performance.sh) Tj T* (1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.995 usec per loop) Tj T* (1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.273 usec per loop) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 498.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.25832 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It should be noted that a real life function would probably do something more useful than ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (here, and) Tj T* 0 Tw .91811 Tw (therefore in real life the performance penalty could be completely negligible. As always, the only way to) Tj T* 0 Tw (know if there is a penalty in your specific use case is to measure it.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.25832 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It should be noted that a real life function would probably do something more useful than ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (here, and) Tj T* 0 Tw .91811 Tw (therefore in real life the performance penalty could be completely negligible. As always, the only way to) Tj T* 0 Tw (know if there is a penalty in your specific use case is to measure it.) Tj T* ET
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 325.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .867984 Tw (You should be aware that decorators will make your tracebacks longer and more difficult to understand.) Tj T* 0 Tw (Consider this example:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .867984 Tw (You should be aware that decorators will make your tracebacks longer and more difficult to understand.) Tj T* 0 Tw (Consider this example:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 411.4236 cm
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj (/) Tj (0) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 379.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .583318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Calling ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f\(\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will give you a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (ZeroDivisionError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but since the function is decorated the traceback will) Tj T* 0 Tw (be longer:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .583318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Calling ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f\(\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will give you a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (ZeroDivisionError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but since the function is decorated the traceback will) Tj T* 0 Tw (be longer:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\(\)) Tj  T* (Traceback) Tj ( ) Tj (\() Tj (most) Tj ( ) Tj (recent) Tj ( ) Tj (call) Tj ( ) Tj (last) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (  ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (     ) Tj (File) Tj ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj (<) Tj (string) Tj (>) Tj (") Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (line) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj  T* (     ) Tj (File) Tj ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj (<) Tj (doctest __main__[18]) Tj (>) Tj (") Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (line) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (4) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (trace) Tj  T* (       ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj  T* (     ) Tj (File) Tj ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj (<) Tj (doctest __main__[47]) Tj (>) Tj (") Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (line) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (3) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj  T* (       ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj (/) Tj (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F3 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (ZeroDivisionError) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj (integer) Tj ( ) Tj (division) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (or) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (modulo) Tj ( ) Tj (by) Tj ( ) Tj (zero) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 1.05528 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You see here the inner call to the decorator ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (trace) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which calls ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f\(*args, **kw\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, and a reference to) Tj T* 0 Tw .265868 Tw /F4 10 Tf (File ") Tj (<) Tj (string) Tj (>) Tj (", line 2, in f) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This latter reference is due to the fact that internally the decorator) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.053318 Tw (module uses ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to generate the decorated function. Notice that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (responsibile for the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.507485 Tw (performance penalty, since is the called ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (only once ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (at function decoration time, and not every time the) Tj T* 0 Tw (decorated function is called.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.05528 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You see here the inner call to the decorator ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (trace) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which calls ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f\(*args, **kw\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, and a reference to) Tj T* 0 Tw .265868 Tw /F4 10 Tf (File ") Tj (<) Tj (string) Tj (>) Tj (", line 2, in f) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This latter reference is due to the fact that internally the decorator) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.053318 Tw (module uses ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to generate the decorated function. Notice that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (responsibile for the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.507485 Tw (performance penalty, since is the called ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (only once ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (at function decoration time, and not every time the) Tj T* 0 Tw (decorated function is called.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm .932209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (At present, there is no clean way to avoid ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. A clean solution would require to change the CPython) Tj T* 0 Tw .777485 Tw (implementation of functions and add an hook to make it possible to change their signature directly. That) Tj T* 0 Tw .74186 Tw (could happen in future versions of Python \(see PEP ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (362) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\) and then the decorator module would become) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.385318 Tw (obsolete. However, at present, even in Python 3.1 it is impossible to change the function signature) Tj T* 0 Tw .931751 Tw (directly, therefore the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module is still useful. Actually, this is one of the main reasons why I) Tj T* 0 Tw (keep maintaining the module and releasing new versions.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm .932209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (At present, there is no clean way to avoid ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. A clean solution would require to change the CPython) Tj T* 0 Tw .777485 Tw (implementation of functions and add an hook to make it possible to change their signature directly. That) Tj T* 0 Tw .74186 Tw (could happen in future versions of Python \(see PEP ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (362) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\) and then the decorator module would become) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.385318 Tw (obsolete. However, at present, even in Python 3.1 it is impossible to change the function signature) Tj T* 0 Tw .931751 Tw (directly, therefore the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module is still useful. Actually, this is one of the main reasons why I) Tj T* 0 Tw (keep maintaining the module and releasing new versions.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 1.043828 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In the present implementation, decorators generated by ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (can only be used on user-defined) Tj T* 0 Tw .152485 Tw (Python functions or methods, not on generic callable objects, nor on built-in functions, due to limitations of) Tj T* 0 Tw .591235 Tw (the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (inspect ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module in the standard library. Moreover, notice that you can decorate a method, but only) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.693516 Tw (before if becomes a bound or unbound method, i.e. inside the class. Here is an example of valid) Tj T* 0 Tw (decoration:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.043828 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In the present implementation, decorators generated by ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (can only be used on user-defined) Tj T* 0 Tw .152485 Tw (Python functions or methods, not on generic callable objects, nor on built-in functions, due to limitations of) Tj T* 0 Tw .591235 Tw (the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (inspect ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module in the standard library. Moreover, notice that you can decorate a method, but only) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.693516 Tw (before if becomes a bound or unbound method, i.e. inside the class. Here is an example of valid) Tj T* 0 Tw (decoration:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (C) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (      ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (      ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (meth) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (          ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (C) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (      ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (      ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (meth) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (          ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of invalid decoration, when the decorator in called too late:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of invalid decoration, when the decorator in called too late:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (C) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (      ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (meth) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (          ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (trace) Tj (\() Tj (C) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (meth) Tj (\)) Tj  T* (Traceback) Tj ( ) Tj (\() Tj (most) Tj ( ) Tj (recent) Tj ( ) Tj (call) Tj ( ) Tj (last) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (  ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F3 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (TypeError) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj (You) Tj ( ) Tj (are) Tj ( ) Tj (decorating) Tj ( ) Tj (a) Tj ( ) Tj (non) Tj ( ) Tj (function) Tj (:) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (<) Tj 0 0 0 rg (unbound) Tj ( ) Tj (method) Tj ( ) Tj (C) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (meth) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (The solution is to extract the inner function from the unbound method:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 1.71811 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Version 3.2 is the first version of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module to officially support Python 3. Actually, the) Tj T* 0 Tw .273516 Tw (module has supported Python 3 from the beginning, via the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (2to3 ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (conversion tool, but this step has been) Tj T* 0 Tw .37284 Tw (now integrated in the build process, thanks to the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (distribute ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (project, the Python 3-compatible replacement) Tj T* 0 Tw .11811 Tw (of easy_install. The hard work \(for me\) has been converting the documentation and the doctests. This has) Tj T* 0 Tw (been possible only now that ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (docutils ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (pygments ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (have been ported to Python 3.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 1.19561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (per se ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (does not contain any change, apart from the removal of the functions) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.348314 Tw /F4 10 Tf (get_info ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (new_wrapper) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which have been deprecated for years. ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (get_info ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (has been removed) Tj T* 0 Tw .921654 Tw (since it was little used and since it had to be changed anyway to work with Python 3.0; ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (new_wrapper) Tj T* 0 Tw .609318 Tw /F1 10 Tf (has been removed since it was useless: its major use case \(converting signature changing decorators to) Tj T* 0 Tw .028443 Tw (signature preserving decorators\) has been subsumed by ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator_apply ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and the other use case can) Tj T* 0 Tw (be managed with the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (FunctionMaker) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .942651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Finally ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (cannot be used as a class decorator and the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (functionality introduced in version 2.3) Tj T* 0 Tw .241163 Tw 0 0 0 rg (has been removed. That means that in order to define decorator factories with classes you need to define) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.122126 Tw (the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__call__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method explicitly \(no magic anymore\). All these changes should not cause any trouble,) Tj T* 0 Tw .601163 Tw (since they were all rarely used features. Should you have any trouble, you can always downgrade to the) Tj T* 0 Tw (2.3 version.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm .196098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The examples shown here have been tested with Python 2.6. Python 2.4 is also supported - of course the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.649398 Tw (examples requiring the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (with ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (statement will not work there. Python 2.5 works fine, but if you run the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.41784 Tw (examples in the interactive interpreter you will notice a few differences since ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (getargspec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (returns an) Tj T* 0 Tw .909982 Tw /F4 10 Tf (ArgSpec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (namedtuple instead of a regular tuple. That means that running the file ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (documentation.py) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf (under Python 2.5 will print a few errors, but they are not serious.) Tj T* ET
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diff --git a/decorator/documentation.py b/decorator/documentation.py
index 4e9dfba..fc54608 100644
--- a/decorator/documentation.py
+++ b/decorator/documentation.py
@@ -733,32 +733,29 @@ a *copy* of the original function dictionary
 Compatibility notes
 ---------------------------------------------------------------
 
-Version 3.2 is the first version of the ``decorator`` module to officially
-support Python 3. Actually, the module has supported Python 3 from
-the beginning, via the ``2to3`` conversion tool, but this step has
-been now integrated in the build process, thanks to the distribute_
-project, the Python 3-compatible replacement of easy_install. 
-The hard work (for me) has been converting the documentation and the
-doctests.  This has been possible only now that docutils_ and pygments_
-have been ported to Python 3. 
-
-The ``decorator`` module *per se* does not contain any change, apart
-from the removal of the functions ``get_info`` and ``new_wrapper``,
-which have been deprecated for years. ``get_info`` has been removed
-since it was little used and since it had to be changed anyway to work
-with Python 3.0; ``new_wrapper`` has been removed since it was
-useless: its major use case (converting signature changing decorators
-to signature preserving decorators) has been subsumed by
-``decorator_apply`` and the other use case can be managed with the
-``FunctionMaker``.
+Version 3.3 is the first version of the ``decorator`` module to fully
+support Python 3, including `function annotations`_. Version 3.2 was the
+first version to support Python 3 via the ``2to3`` conversion tool
+invoked in the build process by the distribute_ project, the Python
+3-compatible replacement of easy_install.  The hard work (for me) has
+been converting the documentation and the doctests.  This has been
+possible only after that docutils_ and pygments_ have been ported to
+Python 3.
+
+Version 3 of the ``decorator`` module do not contain any backward
+incompatible change, apart from the removal of the functions
+``get_info`` and ``new_wrapper``, which have been deprecated for
+years. ``get_info`` has been removed since it was little used and
+since it had to be changed anyway to work with Python 3.0;
+``new_wrapper`` has been removed since it was useless: its major use
+case (converting signature changing decorators to signature preserving
+decorators) has been subsumed by ``decorator_apply``, whereas the other use
+case can be managed with the ``FunctionMaker``.
 
 There are a few changes in the documentation: I removed the 
 ``decorator_factory`` example, which was confusing some of my users,
 and I removed the part about exotic signatures in the Python 3
 documentation, since Python 3 does not support them.
-Notice that there is no support for Python 3 `function annotations`_ 
-since it seems premature at the moment, when most people are
-still using Python 2.X.
 
 Finally ``decorator`` cannot be used as a class decorator and the
 `functionality introduced in version 2.3`_ has been removed. That
diff --git a/decorator/documentation3.html b/decorator/documentation3.html
index fce2187..2b41374 100644
--- a/decorator/documentation3.html
+++ b/decorator/documentation3.html
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
-<meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.6: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" />
+<meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.5: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" />
 <title>The decorator module</title>
 <meta name="author" content="Michele Simionato" />
 <style type="text/css">
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
 </head>
 <body>
 <div class="document" id="the-decorator-module">
-<h1 class="title">The <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> module</h1>
+<h1 class="title">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> module</h1>
 <table class="docinfo" frame="void" rules="none">
 <col class="docinfo-name" />
 <col class="docinfo-content" />
@@ -83,12 +83,12 @@
 <tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">E-mail:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="mailto:michele.simionato&#64;gmail.com">michele.simionato&#64;gmail.com</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr><th class="docinfo-name">Version:</th>
-<td>3.2.1 (2010-11-28)</td></tr>
+<td>3.3.0 (2011-01-01)</td></tr>
 <tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Requires:</th><td class="field-body">Python 2.4+</td>
 </tr>
-<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Download page:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/decorator/3.2.1">http://pypi.python.org/pypi/decorator/3.2.1</a></td>
+<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Download page:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/decorator/3.3.0">http://pypi.python.org/pypi/decorator/3.3.0</a></td>
 </tr>
-<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Installation:</th><td class="field-body"><tt class="docutils literal">easy_install decorator</tt></td>
+<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Installation:</th><td class="field-body"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">easy_install</span> <span class="pre">decorator</span></tt></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">License:</th><td class="field-body">BSD license</td>
 </tr>
@@ -97,24 +97,25 @@
 <div class="contents topic" id="contents">
 <p class="topic-title first">Contents</p>
 <ul class="simple">
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction" id="id3">Introduction</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#definitions" id="id4">Definitions</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#statement-of-the-problem" id="id5">Statement of the problem</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-solution" id="id6">The solution</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-trace-decorator" id="id7">A <tt class="docutils literal">trace</tt> decorator</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#decorator-is-a-decorator" id="id8"><tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> is a decorator</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#blocking" id="id9"><tt class="docutils literal">blocking</tt></a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#async" id="id10"><tt class="docutils literal">async</tt></a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-functionmaker-class" id="id11">The <tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker</tt> class</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#getting-the-source-code" id="id12">Getting the source code</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dealing-with-third-party-decorators" id="id13">Dealing with third party decorators</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#caveats-and-limitations" id="id14">Caveats and limitations</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#compatibility-notes" id="id15">Compatibility notes</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#licence" id="id16">LICENCE</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction" id="id4">Introduction</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#definitions" id="id5">Definitions</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#statement-of-the-problem" id="id6">Statement of the problem</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-solution" id="id7">The solution</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-trace-decorator" id="id8">A <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trace</span></tt> decorator</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#function-annotations" id="id9">Function annotations</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#decorator-is-a-decorator" id="id10"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> is a decorator</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#blocking" id="id11"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">blocking</span></tt></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#async" id="id12"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">async</span></tt></a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-functionmaker-class" id="id13">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker</span></tt> class</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#getting-the-source-code" id="id14">Getting the source code</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dealing-with-third-party-decorators" id="id15">Dealing with third party decorators</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#caveats-and-limitations" id="id16">Caveats and limitations</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#compatibility-notes" id="id17">Compatibility notes</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#licence" id="id18">LICENCE</a></li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="introduction">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Introduction</a></h1>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Introduction</a></h1>
 <p>Python decorators are an interesting example of why syntactic sugar
 matters. In principle, their introduction in Python 2.4 changed
 nothing, since they do not provide any new functionality which was not
@@ -132,17 +133,17 @@ idea since:</p>
 some experience and it is not as easy as it could be. For instance,
 typical implementations of decorators involve nested functions, and
 we all know that flat is better than nested.</p>
-<p>The aim of the <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> module it to simplify the usage of
+<p>The aim of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> module it to simplify the usage of
 decorators for the average programmer, and to popularize decorators by
 showing various non-trivial examples. Of course, as all techniques,
 decorators can be abused (I have seen that) and you should not try to
 solve every problem with a decorator, just because you can.</p>
 <p>You may find the source code for all the examples
-discussed here in the <tt class="docutils literal">documentation.py</tt> file, which contains
+discussed here in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">documentation.py</span></tt> file, which contains
 this documentation in the form of doctests.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="definitions">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Definitions</a></h1>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Definitions</a></h1>
 <p>Technically speaking, any Python object which can be called with one argument
 can be used as  a decorator. However, this definition is somewhat too large
 to be really useful. It is more convenient to split the generic class of
@@ -156,7 +157,7 @@ the signature of their input function, or decorators returning
 non-callable objects.</li>
 </ul>
 <p>Signature-changing decorators have their use: for instance the
-builtin classes <tt class="docutils literal">staticmethod</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">classmethod</tt> are in this
+builtin classes <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">staticmethod</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">classmethod</span></tt> are in this
 group, since they take functions and return descriptor objects which
 are not functions, nor callables.</p>
 <p>However, signature-preserving decorators are more common and easier to
@@ -168,13 +169,13 @@ can accept functions with any signature. A simple example will clarify
 the issue.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="statement-of-the-problem">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Statement of the problem</a></h1>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Statement of the problem</a></h1>
 <p>A very common use case for decorators is the memoization of functions.
-A <tt class="docutils literal">memoize</tt> decorator works by caching
+A <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">memoize</span></tt> decorator works by caching
 the result of the function call in a dictionary, so that the next time
 the function is called with the same input parameters the result is retrieved
 from the cache and not recomputed. There are many implementations of
-<tt class="docutils literal">memoize</tt> in <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/moin/PythonDecoratorLibrary">http://www.python.org/moin/PythonDecoratorLibrary</a>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">memoize</span></tt> in <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/moin/PythonDecoratorLibrary">http://www.python.org/moin/PythonDecoratorLibrary</a>,
 but they do not preserve the signature.
 A simple implementation could be the following (notice
 that in general it is impossible to memoize correctly something
@@ -184,7 +185,7 @@ that depends on non-hashable arguments):</p>
     <span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cache</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
     <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">memoize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="p">):</span>
         <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">kw</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c"># frozenset is used to ensure hashability</span>
-            <span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">frozenset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iteritems</span><span class="p">())</span>
+            <span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">frozenset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iteritems</span><span class="p">())</span>
         <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
             <span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">args</span>
         <span class="n">cache</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cache</span>
@@ -200,23 +201,23 @@ that depends on non-hashable arguments):</p>
 <p>Here we used the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.5.2/lib/module-functools.html">functools.update_wrapper</a> utility, which has
 been added in Python 2.5 expressly to simplify the definition of decorators
 (in older versions of Python you need to copy the function attributes
-<tt class="docutils literal">__name__</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">__doc__</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">__module__</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">__dict__</tt>
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__name__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__doc__</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__module__</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__dict__</span></tt>
 from the original function to the decorated function by hand).</p>
 <p>The implementation above works in the sense that the decorator
 can accept functions with generic signatures; unfortunately this
 implementation does <em>not</em> define a signature-preserving decorator, since in
-general <tt class="docutils literal">memoize_uw</tt> returns a function with a
+general <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">memoize_uw</span></tt> returns a function with a
 <em>different signature</em> from the original function.</p>
 <p>Consider for instance the following case:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="nd">@memoize_uw</span>
 <span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">):</span>
-<span class="o">...</span>     <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># simulate some long computation</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>     <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># simulate some long computation</span>
 <span class="o">...</span>     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">x</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
-<p>Here the original function takes a single argument named <tt class="docutils literal">x</tt>,
+<p>Here the original function takes a single argument named <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span></tt>,
 but the decorated function takes any number of arguments and
 keyword arguments:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
@@ -227,40 +228,40 @@ keyword arguments:</p>
 
 </div>
 <p>This means that introspection tools such as pydoc will give
-wrong informations about the signature of <tt class="docutils literal">f1</tt>. This is pretty bad:
+wrong informations about the signature of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f1</span></tt>. This is pretty bad:
 pydoc will tell you that the function accepts a generic signature
-<tt class="docutils literal">*args</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">**kw</tt>, but when you try to call the function with more than an
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">*args</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">**kw</span></tt>, but when you try to call the function with more than an
 argument, you will get an error:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
-<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
 <span class="n">Traceback</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">most</span> <span class="n">recent</span> <span class="n">call</span> <span class="n">last</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="o">...</span>
-<span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">takes</span> <span class="n">exactly</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="n">positional</span> <span class="n">argument</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="n">given</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">takes</span> <span class="n">exactly</span> <span class="mf">1</span> <span class="n">positional</span> <span class="n">argument</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">2</span> <span class="n">given</span><span class="p">)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="the-solution">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">The solution</a></h1>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">The solution</a></h1>
 <p>The solution is to provide a generic factory of generators, which
 hides the complexity of making signature-preserving decorators
-from the application programmer. The <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> function in
-the <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> module is such a factory:</p>
+from the application programmer. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> function in
+the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> module is such a factory:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">decorator</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">decorator</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
-<p><tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> takes two arguments, a caller function describing the
+<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> takes two arguments, a caller function describing the
 functionality of the decorator and a function to be decorated; it
 returns the decorated function. The caller function must have
-signature <tt class="docutils literal">(f, *args, **kw)</tt> and it must call the original function <tt class="docutils literal">f</tt>
-with arguments <tt class="docutils literal">args</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">kw</tt>, implementing the wanted capability,
+signature <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(f,</span> <span class="pre">*args,</span> <span class="pre">**kw)</span></tt> and it must call the original function <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f</span></tt>
+with arguments <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">args</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">kw</span></tt>, implementing the wanted capability,
 i.e. memoization in this case:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">_memoize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="p">):</span>
     <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">kw</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c"># frozenset is used to ensure hashability</span>
-        <span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">frozenset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iteritems</span><span class="p">())</span>
+        <span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">frozenset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iteritems</span><span class="p">())</span>
     <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
         <span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">args</span>
     <span class="n">cache</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cache</span> <span class="c"># attributed added by memoize</span>
@@ -280,7 +281,7 @@ i.e. memoization in this case:</p>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
-<p>The difference with respect to the <tt class="docutils literal">memoize_uw</tt> approach, which is based
+<p>The difference with respect to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">memoize_uw</span></tt> approach, which is based
 on nested functions, is that the decorator module forces you to lift
 the inner function at the outer level (<em>flat is better than nested</em>).
 Moreover, you are forced to pass explicitly the function you want to
@@ -289,7 +290,7 @@ decorate to the caller function.</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="nd">@memoize</span>
 <span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">heavy_computation</span><span class="p">():</span>
-<span class="o">...</span>     <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>     <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
 <span class="o">...</span>     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&quot;done&quot;</span>
 
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">heavy_computation</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="c"># the first time it will take 2 seconds</span>
@@ -300,7 +301,7 @@ decorate to the caller function.</p>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
-<p>The signature of <tt class="docutils literal">heavy_computation</tt> is the one you would expect:</p>
+<p>The signature of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">heavy_computation</span></tt> is the one you would expect:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getargspec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">heavy_computation</span><span class="p">))</span>
 <span class="n">ArgSpec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[],</span> <span class="n">varargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">keywords</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">defaults</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
@@ -309,9 +310,9 @@ decorate to the caller function.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="a-trace-decorator">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">A <tt class="docutils literal">trace</tt> decorator</a></h1>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">A <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trace</span></tt> decorator</a></h1>
 <p>As an additional example, here is how you can define a trivial
-<tt class="docutils literal">trace</tt> decorator, which prints a message everytime the traced
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trace</span></tt> decorator, which prints a message everytime the traced
 function is called:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">_trace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="p">):</span>
@@ -334,10 +335,10 @@ function is called:</p>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
-<p>It is immediate to verify that <tt class="docutils literal">f1</tt> works</p>
+<p>It is immediate to verify that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f1</span></tt> works</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
-<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="n">calling</span> <span class="n">f1</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,),</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">calling</span> <span class="n">f1</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,),</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -351,31 +352,79 @@ function is called:</p>
 <p>The same decorator works with functions of any signature:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="nd">@trace</span>
-<span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">z</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">z</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="p">):</span>
 <span class="o">...</span>     <span class="k">pass</span>
 
-<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="n">calling</span> <span class="n">f</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="n">calling</span> <span class="n">f</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
 
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getargspec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">))</span>
-<span class="n">ArgSpec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;x&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;y&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;z&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">varargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;args&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">keywords</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;kw&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">defaults</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="n">ArgSpec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;x&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;y&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;z&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">varargs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;args&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">keywords</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;kw&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">defaults</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">))</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
 </div>
+<div class="section" id="function-annotations">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Function annotations</a></h1>
+<p>Python 3 introduced the concept of <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3107/">function annotations</a>,i.e. the ability
+to annotate the signature of a function with additional information,
+stored in a dictionary named <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__annotations__</span></tt>. The decorator module,
+starting from release 3.3 is able to understand and to preserve the
+annotations. Here is an example:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<pre class="doctest-block">
+&gt;&gt;&gt; &#64;trace
+... def f(x: 'the first argument', y: 'default argument'=1, z=2, *args:
+'varargs', **kw: 'kwargs'):
+...     pass
+</pre>
+<pre class="doctest-block">
+&gt;&gt;&gt; from inspect import getfullargspec
+&gt;&gt;&gt; argspec = getfullargspec(f)
+&gt;&gt;&gt; argspec.args
+['x', 'y', 'z']
+&gt;&gt;&gt; argspec.varargs
+'args'
+&gt;&gt;&gt; argspec.varkw
+'kw'
+&gt;&gt;&gt; argspec.defaults
+(1, 2)
+&gt;&gt;&gt; argspec.kwonlyargs
+[]
+&gt;&gt;&gt; argspec.kwonlydefaults
+&gt;&gt;&gt; sorted(argspec.annotations.items())
+[('args', 'varargs'), ('kw', 'kwargs'), ('x', 'the first argument'), ('y',
+'default argument')]
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+<p>You can also check that the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__annotations__</span></tt> dictionary is preserved:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<pre class="doctest-block">
+&gt;&gt;&gt; f.__annotations__ == f.undecorated.__annotations__
+True
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+<p>The two dictionaries are different objects, though:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<pre class="doctest-block">
+&gt;&gt;&gt; id(f.__annotations__) != id(f.undecorated.__annotations__)
+True
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+</div>
 <div class="section" id="decorator-is-a-decorator">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8"><tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> is a decorator</a></h1>
-<p>It may be annoying to write a caller function (like the <tt class="docutils literal">_trace</tt>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> is a decorator</a></h1>
+<p>It may be annoying to write a caller function (like the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_trace</span></tt>
 function above) and then a trivial wrapper
-(<tt class="docutils literal">def trace(f): return decorator(_trace, f)</tt>) every time. For this reason,
-the <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> module provides an easy shortcut to convert
+(<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">def</span> <span class="pre">trace(f):</span> <span class="pre">return</span> <span class="pre">decorator(_trace,</span> <span class="pre">f)</span></tt>) every time. For this reason,
+the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> module provides an easy shortcut to convert
 the caller function into a signature-preserving decorator:
-you can just call <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> with a single argument.
-In our example you can just write <tt class="docutils literal">trace = decorator(_trace)</tt>.
-The <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> function can also be used as a signature-changing
-decorator, just as <tt class="docutils literal">classmethod</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">staticmethod</tt>.
-However, <tt class="docutils literal">classmethod</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">staticmethod</tt> return generic
-objects which are not callable, while <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> returns
+you can just call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> with a single argument.
+In our example you can just write <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trace</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">decorator(_trace)</span></tt>.
+The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> function can also be used as a signature-changing
+decorator, just as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">classmethod</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">staticmethod</span></tt>.
+However, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">classmethod</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">staticmethod</span></tt> return generic
+objects which are not callable, while <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> returns
 signature-preserving decorators, i.e. functions of a single argument.
 For instance, you can write directly</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
@@ -386,11 +435,11 @@ For instance, you can write directly</p>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
-<p>and now <tt class="docutils literal">trace</tt> will be a decorator. Actually <tt class="docutils literal">trace</tt> is a <tt class="docutils literal">partial</tt>
+<p>and now <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trace</span></tt> will be a decorator. Actually <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trace</span></tt> is a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">partial</span></tt>
 object which can be used as a decorator:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">trace</span>
-<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">function</span> <span class="n">trace</span> <span class="n">at</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">...&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">function</span> <span class="n">trace</span> <span class="n">at</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">...&gt;</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -405,12 +454,12 @@ object which can be used as a decorator:</p>
 
 </div>
 <p>If you are using an old Python version (Python 2.4) the
-<tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> module provides a poor man replacement for
-<tt class="docutils literal">functools.partial</tt>.</p>
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> module provides a poor man replacement for
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">functools.partial</span></tt>.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="blocking">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9"><tt class="docutils literal">blocking</tt></a></h1>
-<p>Sometimes one has to deal with blocking resources, such as <tt class="docutils literal">stdin</tt>, and
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">blocking</span></tt></a></h1>
+<p>Sometimes one has to deal with blocking resources, such as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stdin</span></tt>, and
 sometimes it is best to have back a &quot;busy&quot; message than to block everything.
 This behavior can be implemented with a suitable family of decorators,
 where the parameter is the busy message:</p>
@@ -431,23 +480,23 @@ where the parameter is the busy message:</p>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
-<p>Functions decorated with <tt class="docutils literal">blocking</tt> will return a busy message if
+<p>Functions decorated with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">blocking</span></tt> will return a busy message if
 the resource is unavailable, and the intended result if the resource is
 available. For instance:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="nd">@blocking</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Please wait ...&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
 <span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">read_data</span><span class="p">():</span>
-<span class="o">...</span>     <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># simulate a blocking resource</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>     <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># simulate a blocking resource</span>
 <span class="o">...</span>     <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&quot;some data&quot;</span>
 
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read_data</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="c"># data is not available yet</span>
 <span class="n">Please</span> <span class="n">wait</span> <span class="o">...</span>
 
-<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read_data</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="c"># data is not available yet</span>
 <span class="n">Please</span> <span class="n">wait</span> <span class="o">...</span>
 
-<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read_data</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="c"># data is not available yet</span>
 <span class="n">Please</span> <span class="n">wait</span> <span class="o">...</span>
 
@@ -459,20 +508,20 @@ available. For instance:</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="async">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10"><tt class="docutils literal">async</tt></a></h1>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">async</span></tt></a></h1>
 <p>We have just seen an examples of a simple decorator factory,
 implemented as a function returning a decorator.
 For more complex situations, it is more
 convenient to implement decorator factories as classes returning
 callable objects that can be used as signature-preserving
 decorators. The suggested pattern to do that is to introduce
-a helper method <tt class="docutils literal">call(self, func, *args, **kw)</tt> and to call
-it in the <tt class="docutils literal">__call__(self, func)</tt> method.</p>
+a helper method <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">call(self,</span> <span class="pre">func,</span> <span class="pre">*args,</span> <span class="pre">**kw)</span></tt> and to call
+it in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__call__(self,</span> <span class="pre">func)</span></tt> method.</p>
 <p>As an example, here I show a decorator
 which is able to convert a blocking function into an asynchronous
 function. The function, when called,
 is executed in a separate thread. Moreover, it is possible to set
-three callbacks <tt class="docutils literal">on_success</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">on_failure</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">on_closing</tt>,
+three callbacks <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">on_success</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">on_failure</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">on_closing</span></tt>,
 to specify how to manage the function call.
 The implementation is the following:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
@@ -512,7 +561,7 @@ The implementation is the following:</p>
     <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__call__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">on_success</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">on_success</span><span class="p">,</span>
                  <span class="n">on_failure</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">on_failure</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">on_closing</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">on_closing</span><span class="p">):</span>
         <span class="c"># every decorated function has its own independent thread counter</span>
-        <span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">counter</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">itertools</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+        <span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">counter</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">itertools</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
         <span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">on_success</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">on_success</span>
         <span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">on_failure</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">on_failure</span>
         <span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">on_closing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">on_closing</span>
@@ -528,7 +577,7 @@ The implementation is the following:</p>
                 <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">on_success</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">)</span>
             <span class="k">finally</span><span class="p">:</span>
                 <span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">on_closing</span><span class="p">()</span>
-        <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">-</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">&#39;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__name__</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">counter</span><span class="p">))</span>
+        <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">-</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">&#39;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__name__</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">counter</span><span class="p">))</span>
         <span class="n">thread</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">threadfactory</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">func_wrapper</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
         <span class="n">thread</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">()</span>
         <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">thread</span>
@@ -537,7 +586,7 @@ The implementation is the following:</p>
 </div>
 <p>The decorated function returns
 the current execution thread, which can be stored and checked later, for
-instance to verify that the thread <tt class="docutils literal">.isAlive()</tt>.</p>
+instance to verify that the thread <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.isAlive()</span></tt>.</p>
 <p>Here is an example of usage. Suppose one wants to write some data to
 an external resource which can be accessed by a single user at once
 (for instance a printer). Then the access to the writing function must
@@ -551,24 +600,24 @@ be locked. Here is a minimalistic example:</p>
 <span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">):</span>
 <span class="o">...</span>     <span class="c"># append data to the datalist by locking</span>
 <span class="o">...</span>     <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">threading</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Lock</span><span class="p">():</span>
-<span class="o">...</span>         <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># emulate some long running operation</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>         <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># emulate some long running operation</span>
 <span class="o">...</span>         <span class="n">datalist</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
 <span class="o">...</span>     <span class="c"># other operations not requiring a lock here</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
-<p>Each call to <tt class="docutils literal">write</tt> will create a new writer thread, but there will
-be no synchronization problems since <tt class="docutils literal">write</tt> is locked.</p>
+<p>Each call to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">write</span></tt> will create a new writer thread, but there will
+be no synchronization problems since <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">write</span></tt> is locked.</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;data1&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Thread</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">started</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Thread</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">started</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
 
-<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># wait a bit, so we are sure data2 is written after data1</span>
+<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># wait a bit, so we are sure data2 is written after data1</span>
 
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;data2&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Thread</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">started</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
+<span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Thread</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">started</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
 
-<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># wait for the writers to complete</span>
+<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sleep</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># wait for the writers to complete</span>
 
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">datalist</span><span class="p">)</span>
 <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;data1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;data2&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
@@ -577,38 +626,38 @@ be no synchronization problems since <tt class="docutils literal">write</tt> is
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="the-functionmaker-class">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">The <tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker</tt> class</a></h1>
-<p>You may wonder about how the functionality of the <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> module
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker</span></tt> class</a></h1>
+<p>You may wonder about how the functionality of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> module
 is implemented. The basic building block is
-a <tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker</tt> class which is able to generate on the fly
+a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker</span></tt> class which is able to generate on the fly
 functions with a given name and signature from a function template
 passed as a string. Generally speaking, you should not need to
-resort to <tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker</tt> when writing ordinary decorators, but
+resort to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker</span></tt> when writing ordinary decorators, but
 it is handy in some circumstances. You will see an example shortly, in
-the implementation of a cool decorator utility (<tt class="docutils literal">decorator_apply</tt>).</p>
-<p><tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker</tt> provides a <tt class="docutils literal">.create</tt> classmethod which
+the implementation of a cool decorator utility (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator_apply</span></tt>).</p>
+<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker</span></tt> provides a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.create</span></tt> classmethod which
 takes as input the name, signature, and body of the function
 we want to generate as well as the execution environment
-were the function is generated by <tt class="docutils literal">exec</tt>. Here is an example:</p>
+were the function is generated by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exec</span></tt>. Here is an example:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c"># a function with a generic signature</span>
 <span class="o">...</span>     <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">kw</span><span class="p">)</span>
 
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">FunctionMaker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;f1(a, b)&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;f(a, b)&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">))</span>
-<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
+<span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
+<span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
 <p>It is important to notice that the function body is interpolated
-before being executed, so be careful with the <tt class="docutils literal">%</tt> sign!</p>
-<p><tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker.create</tt> also accepts keyword arguments and such
+before being executed, so be careful with the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">%</span></tt> sign!</p>
+<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker.create</span></tt> also accepts keyword arguments and such
 arguments are attached to the resulting function. This is useful
 if you want to set some function attributes, for instance the
-docstring <tt class="docutils literal">__doc__</tt>.</p>
+docstring <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__doc__</span></tt>.</p>
 <p>For debugging/introspection purposes it may be useful to see
 the source code of the generated function; to do that, just
-pass the flag <tt class="docutils literal">addsource=True</tt> and a <tt class="docutils literal">__source__</tt> attribute will
+pass the flag <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">addsource=True</span></tt> and a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__source__</span></tt> attribute will
 be added to the generated function:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">FunctionMaker</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">(</span>
@@ -620,44 +669,44 @@ be added to the generated function:</p>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
-<p><tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker.create</tt> can take as first argument a string,
+<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker.create</span></tt> can take as first argument a string,
 as in the examples before, or a function. This is the most common
 usage, since typically you want to decorate a pre-existing
-function. A framework author may want to use directly <tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker.create</tt>
-instead of <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt>, since it gives you direct access to the body
+function. A framework author may want to use directly <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker.create</span></tt>
+instead of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt>, since it gives you direct access to the body
 of the generated function. For instance, suppose you want to instrument
-the <tt class="docutils literal">__init__</tt> methods of a set of classes, by preserving their
+the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__init__</span></tt> methods of a set of classes, by preserving their
 signature (such use case is not made up; this is done in SQAlchemy
-and in other frameworks). When the first argument of <tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker.create</tt>
-is a function, a <tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker</tt> object is instantiated internally,
-with attributes <tt class="docutils literal">args</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">varargs</tt>,
-<tt class="docutils literal">keywords</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">defaults</tt> which are the
-the return values of the standard library function <tt class="docutils literal">inspect.getargspec</tt>.
-For each argument in the <tt class="docutils literal">args</tt> (which is a list of strings containing
-the names of the mandatory arguments) an attribute <tt class="docutils literal">arg0</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">arg1</tt>,
-..., <tt class="docutils literal">argN</tt> is also generated. Finally, there is a <tt class="docutils literal">signature</tt>
+and in other frameworks). When the first argument of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker.create</span></tt>
+is a function, a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker</span></tt> object is instantiated internally,
+with attributes <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">args</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">varargs</span></tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">keywords</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">defaults</span></tt> which are the
+the return values of the standard library function <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inspect.getargspec</span></tt>.
+For each argument in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">args</span></tt> (which is a list of strings containing
+the names of the mandatory arguments) an attribute <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">arg0</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">arg1</span></tt>,
+..., <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argN</span></tt> is also generated. Finally, there is a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">signature</span></tt>
 attribute, a string with the signature of the original function.</p>
 <p>Notice that while I do not have plans
 to change or remove the functionality provided in the
-<tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker</tt> class, I do not guarantee that it will stay
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker</span></tt> class, I do not guarantee that it will stay
 unchanged forever. For instance, right now I am using the traditional
 string interpolation syntax for function templates, but Python 2.6
 and Python 3.0 provide a newer interpolation syntax and I may use
 the new syntax in the future.
 On the other hand, the functionality provided by
-<tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> has been there from version 0.1 and it is guaranteed to
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> has been there from version 0.1 and it is guaranteed to
 stay there forever.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="getting-the-source-code">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Getting the source code</a></h1>
-<p>Internally <tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker.create</tt> uses <tt class="docutils literal">exec</tt> to generate the
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Getting the source code</a></h1>
+<p>Internally <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker.create</span></tt> uses <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exec</span></tt> to generate the
 decorated function. Therefore
-<tt class="docutils literal">inspect.getsource</tt> will not work for decorated functions. That
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inspect.getsource</span></tt> will not work for decorated functions. That
 means that the usual '??' trick in IPython will give you the (right on
-the spot) message <tt class="docutils literal">Dynamically generated function. No source code
-available</tt>.  In the past I have considered this acceptable, since
-<tt class="docutils literal">inspect.getsource</tt> does not really work even with regular
-decorators. In that case <tt class="docutils literal">inspect.getsource</tt> gives you the wrapper
+the spot) message <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Dynamically</span> <span class="pre">generated</span> <span class="pre">function.</span> <span class="pre">No</span> <span class="pre">source</span> <span class="pre">code</span>
+<span class="pre">available</span></tt>.  In the past I have considered this acceptable, since
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inspect.getsource</span></tt> does not really work even with regular
+decorators. In that case <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inspect.getsource</span></tt> gives you the wrapper
 source code which is probably not what you want:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">identity_dec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">):</span>
@@ -681,30 +730,30 @@ source code which is probably not what you want:</p>
 <p>(see bug report <a class="reference external" href="http://bugs.python.org/issue1764286">1764286</a> for an explanation of what is happening).
 Unfortunately the bug is still there, even in Python 2.7 and 3.1.
 There is however a workaround. The decorator module adds an
-attribute <tt class="docutils literal">.undecorated</tt> to the decorated function, containing
+attribute <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.undecorated</span></tt> to the decorated function, containing
 a reference to the original function. The easy way to get
-the source code is to call <tt class="docutils literal">inspect.getsource</tt> on the
+the source code is to call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inspect.getsource</span></tt> on the
 undecorated function:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inspect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getsource</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">factorial</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">undecorated</span><span class="p">))</span>
 <span class="nd">@tail_recursive</span>
-<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">acc</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">acc</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
     <span class="s">&quot;The good old factorial&quot;</span>
-    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">acc</span>
-    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">acc</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">acc</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">acc</span><span class="p">)</span>
 <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">BLANKLINE</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="dealing-with-third-party-decorators">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">Dealing with third party decorators</a></h1>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">Dealing with third party decorators</a></h1>
 <p>Sometimes you find on the net some cool decorator that you would
 like to include in your code. However, more often than not the cool
 decorator is not signature-preserving. Therefore you may want an easy way to
 upgrade third party decorators to signature-preserving decorators without
-having to rewrite them in terms of <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt>. You can use a
-<tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker</tt> to implement that functionality as follows:</p>
+having to rewrite them in terms of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt>. You can use a
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker</span></tt> to implement that functionality as follows:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">decorator_apply</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dec</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">):</span>
     <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
@@ -717,15 +766,15 @@ having to rewrite them in terms of <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt>.
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
-<p><tt class="docutils literal">decorator_apply</tt> sets the attribute <tt class="docutils literal">.undecorated</tt> of the generated
+<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator_apply</span></tt> sets the attribute <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.undecorated</span></tt> of the generated
 function to the original function, so that you can get the right
 source code.</p>
-<p>Notice that I am not providing this functionality in the <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt>
+<p>Notice that I am not providing this functionality in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt>
 module directly since I think it is best to rewrite the decorator rather
 than adding an additional level of indirection. However, practicality
-beats purity, so you can add <tt class="docutils literal">decorator_apply</tt> to your toolbox and
+beats purity, so you can add <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator_apply</span></tt> to your toolbox and
 use it if you need to.</p>
-<p>In order to give an example of usage of <tt class="docutils literal">decorator_apply</tt>, I will show a
+<p>In order to give an example of usage of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator_apply</span></tt>, I will show a
 pretty slick decorator that converts a tail-recursive function in an iterative
 function. I have shamelessly stolen the basic idea from Kay Schluehr's recipe
 in the Python Cookbook,
@@ -774,28 +823,28 @@ objects.</p>
 <p>Here is how you apply the upgraded decorator to the good old factorial:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nd">@tail_recursive</span>
-<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">acc</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
+<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">acc</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">):</span>
     <span class="s">&quot;The good old factorial&quot;</span>
-    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">acc</span>
-    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">acc</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">acc</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">acc</span><span class="p">)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
 <div class="codeblock python">
-<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">))</span>
-<span class="mi">24</span>
+<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">))</span>
+<span class="mf">24</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
 <p>This decorator is pretty impressive, and should give you some food for
 your mind ;) Notice that there is no recursion limit now, and you can
-easily compute <tt class="docutils literal">factorial(1001)</tt> or larger without filling the stack
+easily compute <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">factorial(1001)</span></tt> or larger without filling the stack
 frame. Notice also that the decorator will not work on functions which
 are not tail recursive, such as the following</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">fact</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="c"># this is not tail-recursive</span>
-    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
-    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">fact</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
+    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mf">1</span>
+    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">fact</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
@@ -804,7 +853,7 @@ making a recursive call, or returns directly the result of a recursive
 call).</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="caveats-and-limitations">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Caveats and limitations</a></h1>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id16">Caveats and limitations</a></h1>
 <p>The first thing you should be aware of, it the fact that decorators
 have a performance penalty.
 The worse case is shown by the following example:</p>
@@ -827,7 +876,7 @@ def f():
     pass
 &quot; &quot;f()&quot;
 </pre>
-<p>On my MacBook, using the <tt class="docutils literal">do_nothing</tt> decorator instead of the
+<p>On my MacBook, using the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">do_nothing</span></tt> decorator instead of the
 plain function is more than three times slower:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 $ bash performance.sh
@@ -835,7 +884,7 @@ $ bash performance.sh
 1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.181 usec per loop
 </pre>
 <p>It should be noted that a real life function would probably do
-something more useful than <tt class="docutils literal">f</tt> here, and therefore in real life the
+something more useful than <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f</span></tt> here, and therefore in real life the
 performance penalty could be completely negligible.  As always, the
 only way to know if there is
 a penalty in your specific use case is to measure it.</p>
@@ -844,48 +893,48 @@ longer and more difficult to understand. Consider this example:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="nd">@trace</span>
 <span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">():</span>
-<span class="o">...</span>     <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">0</span>
+<span class="o">...</span>     <span class="mf">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">0</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
-<p>Calling <tt class="docutils literal">f()</tt> will give you a <tt class="docutils literal">ZeroDivisionError</tt>, but since the
+<p>Calling <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f()</span></tt> will give you a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ZeroDivisionError</span></tt>, but since the
 function is decorated the traceback will be longer:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">()</span>
 <span class="n">Traceback</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">most</span> <span class="n">recent</span> <span class="n">call</span> <span class="n">last</span><span class="p">):</span>
   <span class="o">...</span>
-     <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s">&quot;&lt;string&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">f</span>
-     <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s">&quot;&lt;doctest __main__[22]&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">trace</span>
+     <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s">&quot;&lt;string&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">f</span>
+     <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s">&quot;&lt;doctest __main__[22]&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">trace</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kw</span><span class="p">)</span>
-     <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s">&quot;&lt;doctest __main__[51]&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">f</span>
-       <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">0</span>
+     <span class="n">File</span> <span class="s">&quot;&lt;doctest __main__[51]&gt;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">f</span>
+       <span class="mf">1</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">0</span>
 <span class="ne">ZeroDivisionError</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="n">division</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">modulo</span> <span class="n">by</span> <span class="n">zero</span>
 </pre></div>
 
 </div>
-<p>You see here the inner call to the decorator <tt class="docutils literal">trace</tt>, which calls
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f(*args,</span> **kw)</tt>, and a reference to  <tt class="docutils literal">File <span class="pre">&quot;&lt;string&gt;&quot;,</span> line 2, in f</tt>.
+<p>You see here the inner call to the decorator <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">trace</span></tt>, which calls
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">f(*args,</span> <span class="pre">**kw)</span></tt>, and a reference to  <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">File</span> <span class="pre">&quot;&lt;string&gt;&quot;,</span> <span class="pre">line</span> <span class="pre">2,</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">f</span></tt>.
 This latter reference is due to the fact that internally the decorator
-module uses <tt class="docutils literal">exec</tt> to generate the decorated function. Notice that
-<tt class="docutils literal">exec</tt> is <em>not</em> responsibile for the performance penalty, since is the
+module uses <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exec</span></tt> to generate the decorated function. Notice that
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exec</span></tt> is <em>not</em> responsibile for the performance penalty, since is the
 called <em>only once</em> at function decoration time, and not every time
 the decorated function is called.</p>
-<p>At present, there is no clean way to avoid <tt class="docutils literal">exec</tt>. A clean solution
+<p>At present, there is no clean way to avoid <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exec</span></tt>. A clean solution
 would require to change the CPython implementation of functions and
 add an hook to make it possible to change their signature directly.
 That could happen in future versions of Python (see PEP <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0362">362</a>) and
 then the decorator module would become obsolete. However, at present,
 even in Python 3.1 it is impossible to change the function signature
-directly, therefore the <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> module is still useful.
+directly, therefore the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> module is still useful.
 Actually, this is one of the main reasons why I keep maintaining
 the module and releasing new versions.</p>
-<p>In the present implementation, decorators generated by <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt>
+<p>In the present implementation, decorators generated by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt>
 can only be used on user-defined Python functions or methods, not on generic
 callable objects, nor on built-in functions, due to limitations of the
-<tt class="docutils literal">inspect</tt> module in the standard library.</p>
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inspect</span></tt> module in the standard library.</p>
 <p>There is a restriction on the names of the arguments: for instance,
-if try to call an argument <tt class="docutils literal">_call_</tt> or <tt class="docutils literal">_func_</tt>
-you will get a <tt class="docutils literal">NameError</tt>:</p>
+if try to call an argument <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_call_</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_func_</span></tt>
+you will get a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NameError</span></tt>:</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="nd">@trace</span>
 <span class="o">...</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_func_</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">)</span>
@@ -900,7 +949,7 @@ you will get a <tt class="docutils literal">NameError</tt>:</p>
 </div>
 <p>Finally, the implementation is such that the decorated function contains
 a <em>copy</em> of the original function dictionary
-(<tt class="docutils literal">vars(decorated_f) is not vars(f)</tt>):</p>
+(<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">vars(decorated_f)</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">vars(f)</span></tt>):</p>
 <div class="codeblock python">
 <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="k">pass</span> <span class="c"># the original function</span>
 <span class="o">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attr1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;something&quot;</span> <span class="c"># setting an attribute</span>
@@ -918,50 +967,47 @@ a <em>copy</em> of the original function dictionary
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="compatibility-notes">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">Compatibility notes</a></h1>
-<p>Version 3.2 is the first version of the <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> module to officially
-support Python 3. Actually, the module has supported Python 3 from
-the beginning, via the <tt class="docutils literal">2to3</tt> conversion tool, but this step has
-been now integrated in the build process, thanks to the <a class="reference external" href="http://packages.python.org/distribute/">distribute</a>
-project, the Python 3-compatible replacement of easy_install.
-The hard work (for me) has been converting the documentation and the
-doctests.  This has been possible only now that <a class="reference external" href="http://docutils.sourceforge.net/">docutils</a> and <a class="reference external" href="http://pygments.org/">pygments</a>
-have been ported to Python 3.</p>
-<p>The <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> module <em>per se</em> does not contain any change, apart
-from the removal of the functions <tt class="docutils literal">get_info</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">new_wrapper</tt>,
-which have been deprecated for years. <tt class="docutils literal">get_info</tt> has been removed
-since it was little used and since it had to be changed anyway to work
-with Python 3.0; <tt class="docutils literal">new_wrapper</tt> has been removed since it was
-useless: its major use case (converting signature changing decorators
-to signature preserving decorators) has been subsumed by
-<tt class="docutils literal">decorator_apply</tt> and the other use case can be managed with the
-<tt class="docutils literal">FunctionMaker</tt>.</p>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id17">Compatibility notes</a></h1>
+<p>Version 3.3 is the first version of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> module to fully
+support Python 3, including <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3107/">function annotations</a>. Version 3.2 was the
+first version to support Python 3 via the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2to3</span></tt> conversion tool
+invoked in the build process by the <a class="reference external" href="http://packages.python.org/distribute/">distribute</a> project, the Python
+3-compatible replacement of easy_install.  The hard work (for me) has
+been converting the documentation and the doctests.  This has been
+possible only after that <a class="reference external" href="http://docutils.sourceforge.net/">docutils</a> and <a class="reference external" href="http://pygments.org/">pygments</a> have been ported to
+Python 3.</p>
+<p>Version 3 of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> module do not contain any backward
+incompatible change, apart from the removal of the functions
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_info</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">new_wrapper</span></tt>, which have been deprecated for
+years. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_info</span></tt> has been removed since it was little used and
+since it had to be changed anyway to work with Python 3.0;
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">new_wrapper</span></tt> has been removed since it was useless: its major use
+case (converting signature changing decorators to signature preserving
+decorators) has been subsumed by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator_apply</span></tt>, whereas the other use
+case can be managed with the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">FunctionMaker</span></tt>.</p>
 <p>There are a few changes in the documentation: I removed the
-<tt class="docutils literal">decorator_factory</tt> example, which was confusing some of my users,
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator_factory</span></tt> example, which was confusing some of my users,
 and I removed the part about exotic signatures in the Python 3
-documentation, since Python 3 does not support them.
-Notice that there is no support for Python 3 <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3107/">function annotations</a>
-since it seems premature at the moment, when most people are
-still using Python 2.X.</p>
-<p>Finally <tt class="docutils literal">decorator</tt> cannot be used as a class decorator and the
+documentation, since Python 3 does not support them.</p>
+<p>Finally <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">decorator</span></tt> cannot be used as a class decorator and the
 <a class="reference external" href="http://www.phyast.pitt.edu/~micheles/python/documentation.html#class-decorators-and-decorator-factories">functionality introduced in version 2.3</a> has been removed. That
 means that in order to define decorator factories with classes you
-need to define the <tt class="docutils literal">__call__</tt> method explicitly (no magic anymore).
+need to define the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__call__</span></tt> method explicitly (no magic anymore).
 All these changes should not cause any trouble, since they were
 all rarely used features. Should you have any trouble, you can always
 downgrade to the 2.3 version.</p>
 <p>The examples shown here have been tested with Python 2.6. Python 2.4
-is also supported - of course the examples requiring the <tt class="docutils literal">with</tt>
+is also supported - of course the examples requiring the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></tt>
 statement will not work there. Python 2.5 works fine, but if you
 run the examples in the interactive interpreter
 you will notice a few differences since
-<tt class="docutils literal">getargspec</tt> returns an <tt class="docutils literal">ArgSpec</tt> namedtuple instead of a regular
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getargspec</span></tt> returns an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ArgSpec</span></tt> namedtuple instead of a regular
 tuple. That means that running the file
-<tt class="docutils literal">documentation.py</tt> under Python 2.5 will print a few errors, but
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">documentation.py</span></tt> under Python 2.5 will print a few errors, but
 they are not serious.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="licence">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id16">LICENCE</a></h1>
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id18">LICENCE</a></h1>
 <p>Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
 met:</p>
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm .351235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A very common use case for decorators is the memoization of functions. A ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (memoize ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator works by) Tj T* 0 Tw .871988 Tw (caching the result of the function call in a dictionary, so that the next time the function is called with the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.350651 Tw (same input parameters the result is retrieved from the cache and not recomputed. There are many) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.92247 Tw (implementations of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (memoize ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (http://www.python.org/moin/PythonDecoratorLibrary) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, but they do not) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.683984 Tw (preserve the signature. A simple implementation could be the following \(notice that in general it is) Tj T* 0 Tw (impossible to memoize correctly something that depends on non-hashable arguments\):) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm .351235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A very common use case for decorators is the memoization of functions. A ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (memoize ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator works by) Tj T* 0 Tw .871988 Tw (caching the result of the function call in a dictionary, so that the next time the function is called with the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.350651 Tw (same input parameters the result is retrieved from the cache and not recomputed. There are many) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.92247 Tw (implementations of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (memoize ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (http://www.python.org/moin/PythonDecoratorLibrary) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, but they do not) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.683984 Tw (preserve the signature. A simple implementation could be the following \(notice that in general it is) Tj T* 0 Tw (impossible to memoize correctly something that depends on non-hashable arguments\):) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 173.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 143.8236 cm
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@@ -1894,48 +2022,43 @@ q
 n -6 -6 468.6898 180 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 158 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize_uw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (func) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (    ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj ({}) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (        ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (kw) Tj (:) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# frozenset is used to ensure hashability) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (frozenset) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (kw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (iteritems) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj  T* (        ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj  T* (            ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (args) Tj  T* (        ) Tj (cache) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj  T* (        ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (cache) Tj (:) Tj  T* (            ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (cache) Tj ([) Tj (key) Tj (]) Tj  T* (        ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj  T* (            ) Tj (cache) Tj ([) Tj (key) Tj (]) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (result) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj  T* (            ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (result) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (functools) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (update_wrapper) Tj (\() Tj (memoize) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (func) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 161.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize_uw) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (func) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (    ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj ({}) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (        ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (kw) Tj (:) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# frozenset is used to ensure hashability) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (frozenset) Tj (\() Tj (kw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (iteritems) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj  T* (        ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj  T* (            ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (args) Tj  T* (        ) Tj (cache) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj  T* (        ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (cache) Tj (:) Tj  T* (            ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (cache) Tj ([) Tj (key) Tj (]) Tj  T* (        ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj  T* (            ) Tj (cache) Tj ([) Tj (key) Tj (]) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (result) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj  T* (            ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (result) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (functools) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (update_wrapper) Tj (\() Tj (memoize) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (func) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 117.8236 cm
-q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.801412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here we used the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (functools.update_wrapper ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (utility, which has been added in Python 2.5 expressly to) Tj T* 0 Tw .91686 Tw (simplify the definition of decorators \(in older versions of Python you need to copy the function attributes) Tj T* 0 Tw .580814 Tw /F4 10 Tf (__name__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__doc__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__module__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__dict__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (from the original function to the decorated function) Tj T* 0 Tw (by hand\).) Tj T* ET
-Q
-Q
-q
 1 0 0 1 62.69291 87.82362 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.517126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The implementation above works in the sense that the decorator can accept functions with generic ) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.233615 Tw (signatures; unfortunately this implementation does ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (define a signature-preserving decorator, since in) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.801412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here we used the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (functools.update_wrapper ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (utility, which has been added in Python 2.5 expressly to) Tj T* 0 Tw .91686 Tw (simplify the definition of decorators \(in older versions of Python you need to copy the function attributes) Tj T* 0 Tw .580814 Tw /F4 10 Tf (__name__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__doc__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__module__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__dict__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (from the original function to the decorated function) Tj T* 0 Tw (by hand\).) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 0 0 cm  BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
+1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 753.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 729.0236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (general ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (memoize_uw ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (returns a function with a ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (different signature ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (from the original function.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 2.517126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The implementation above works in the sense that the decorator can accept functions with generic) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.233615 Tw (signatures; unfortunately this implementation does ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (define a signature-preserving decorator, since in) Tj T* 0 Tw (general ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (memoize_uw ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (returns a function with a ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (different signature ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (from the original function.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 735.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 711.0236 cm
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Consider for instance the following case:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Consider for instance the following case:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 665.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 641.8236 cm
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@@ -1948,20 +2071,20 @@ q
 n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize_uw) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (x) Tj (\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# simulate some long computation) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (x) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize_uw) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (x) Tj (\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# simulate some long computation) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (x) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 633.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 609.8236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .26311 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the original function takes a single argument named ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (x) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but the decorated function takes any number) Tj T* 0 Tw (of arguments and keyword arguments:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .26311 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the original function takes a single argument named ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (x) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but the decorated function takes any number) Tj T* 0 Tw (of arguments and keyword arguments:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 576.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 552.6236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -1974,20 +2097,20 @@ q
 n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (inspect) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (getargspec) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (getargspec) Tj (\() Tj (f1) Tj (\)\)) Tj  T* (ArgSpec) Tj (\() Tj (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([],) Tj ( ) Tj (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('args') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (keywords) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('kw') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (inspect) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (getargspec) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (getargspec) Tj (\() Tj (f1) Tj (\)\)) Tj  T* (ArgSpec) Tj (\() Tj (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([],) Tj ( ) Tj (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('args') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (keywords) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('kw') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 532.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 508.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .411235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This means that introspection tools such as pydoc will give wrong informations about the signature of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f1) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* 0 Tw .161654 Tw (This is pretty bad: pydoc will tell you that the function accepts a generic signature ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (*args) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (**kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but when) Tj T* 0 Tw (you try to call the function with more than an argument, you will get an error:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .411235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This means that introspection tools such as pydoc will give wrong informations about the signature of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f1) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* 0 Tw .161654 Tw (This is pretty bad: pydoc will tell you that the function accepts a generic signature ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (*args) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (**kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but when) Tj T* 0 Tw (you try to call the function with more than an argument, you will get an error:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 463.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 439.4236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2000,26 +2123,26 @@ q
 n -6 -6 468.6898 60 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f1) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* (Traceback) Tj ( ) Tj (\() Tj (most) Tj ( ) Tj (recent) Tj ( ) Tj (call) Tj ( ) Tj (last) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (   ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F3 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (TypeError) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj (f1) Tj (\(\)) Tj ( ) Tj (takes) Tj ( ) Tj (exactly) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (positional) Tj ( ) Tj (argument) Tj ( ) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (given) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 41.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f1) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* (Traceback) Tj ( ) Tj (\() Tj (most) Tj ( ) Tj (recent) Tj ( ) Tj (call) Tj ( ) Tj (last) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (   ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F3 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (TypeError) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj (f1) Tj (\(\)) Tj ( ) Tj (takes) Tj ( ) Tj (exactly) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (positional) Tj ( ) Tj (argument) Tj ( ) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (given) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 430.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 406.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 388.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 364.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 3.313984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution is to provide a generic factory of generators, which hides the complexity of making) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.362976 Tw (signature-preserving decorators from the application programmer. The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function in the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module is such a factory:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 3.313984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution is to provide a generic factory of generators, which hides the complexity of making) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.362976 Tw (signature-preserving decorators from the application programmer. The ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function in the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module is such a factory:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 355.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 331.2236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2032,20 +2155,20 @@ q
 n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (decorator) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 5.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (from) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (decorator) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (import) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 299.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 275.2236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.716412 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (takes two arguments, a caller function describing the functionality of the decorator and a) Tj T* 0 Tw .821984 Tw (function to be decorated; it returns the decorated function. The caller function must have signature ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (\(f,) Tj T* 0 Tw .65061 Tw (*args, **kw\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and it must call the original function ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with arguments ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (args ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, implementing the) Tj T* 0 Tw (wanted capability, i.e. memoization in this case:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.716412 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (takes two arguments, a caller function describing the functionality of the decorator and a) Tj T* 0 Tw .821984 Tw (function to be decorated; it returns the decorated function. The caller function must have signature ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (\(f,) Tj T* 0 Tw .65061 Tw (*args, **kw\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and it must call the original function ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (with arguments ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (args ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, implementing the) Tj T* 0 Tw (wanted capability, i.e. memoization in this case:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 146.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 122.0236 cm
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@@ -2058,50 +2181,31 @@ q
 n -6 -6 468.6898 144 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 122 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (_memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (func) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (kw) Tj (:) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# frozenset is used to ensure hashability) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (frozenset) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (kw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (iteritems) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj  T* (        ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (args) Tj  T* (    ) Tj (cache) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# attributed added by memoize) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (cache) Tj (:) Tj  T* (        ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (cache) Tj ([) Tj (key) Tj (]) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj  T* (        ) Tj (cache) Tj ([) Tj (key) Tj (]) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (result) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj  T* (        ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (result) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 125.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (_memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (func) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (kw) Tj (:) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# frozenset is used to ensure hashability) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (frozenset) Tj (\() Tj (kw) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (iteritems) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj  T* (        ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (args) Tj  T* (    ) Tj (cache) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# attributed added by memoize) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (key) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (cache) Tj (:) Tj  T* (        ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (cache) Tj ([) Tj (key) Tj (]) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj  T* (        ) Tj (cache) Tj ([) Tj (key) Tj (]) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (result) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj  T* (        ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (result) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 126.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 102.0236 cm
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (At this point you can define your decorator as follows:) Tj T* ET
-Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 80.82362 cm
-q
-q
-1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
-q
-1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm
-q
-.662745 .662745 .662745 RG
-.5 w
-.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
-Q
-q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (    ) Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj ({}) Tj  T* ET
-Q
-Q
-Q
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (At this point you can define your decorator as follows:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 0 0 cm  BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
+1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 739.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 715.8236 cm
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@@ -2111,30 +2215,30 @@ q
 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
 .5 w
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 24 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj (\() Tj (_memoize) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (    ) Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (cache) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj ({}) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj (\() Tj (_memoize) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 695.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 671.8236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .12561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The difference with respect to the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (memoize_uw ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (approach, which is based on nested functions, is that the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.59528 Tw (decorator module forces you to lift the inner function at the outer level \() Tj /F5 10 Tf (flat is better than nested) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* 0 Tw (Moreover, you are forced to pass explicitly the function you want to decorate to the caller function.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .12561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The difference with respect to the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (memoize_uw ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (approach, which is based on nested functions, is that the) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.59528 Tw (decorator module forces you to lift the inner function at the outer level \() Tj /F5 10 Tf (flat is better than nested) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* 0 Tw (Moreover, you are forced to pass explicitly the function you want to decorate to the caller function.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 677.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 653.8236 cm
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is a test of usage:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is a test of usage:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 536.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 512.6236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2147,20 +2251,20 @@ q
 n -6 -6 468.6898 132 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (heavy_computation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("done") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the first time it will take 2 seconds) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (done) Tj  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the second time it will be instantaneous) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (done) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 113.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (heavy_computation) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("done") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the first time it will take 2 seconds) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (done) Tj  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# the second time it will be instantaneous) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (done) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 516.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 492.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The signature of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (heavy_computation ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the one you would expect:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The signature of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (heavy_computation ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the one you would expect:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 471.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 447.4236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2173,26 +2277,26 @@ q
 n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (getargspec) Tj (\() Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\)\)) Tj  T* (ArgSpec) Tj (\() Tj (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([],) Tj ( ) Tj (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (keywords) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (getargspec) Tj (\() Tj (heavy_computation) Tj (\)\)) Tj  T* (ArgSpec) Tj (\() Tj (args) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ([],) Tj ( ) Tj (varargs) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (keywords) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (defaults) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 438.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 414.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A ) Tj /F3 17.5 Tf (trace ) Tj /F2 17.5 Tf (decorator) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A ) Tj /F3 17.5 Tf (trace ) Tj /F2 17.5 Tf (decorator) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 408.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 384.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .479398 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As an additional example, here is how you can define a trivial ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator, which prints a message) Tj T* 0 Tw (everytime the traced function is called:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .479398 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As an additional example, here is how you can define a trivial ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator, which prints a message) Tj T* 0 Tw (everytime the traced function is called:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 351.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 327.2236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2205,14 +2309,14 @@ q
 n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (_trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ( with args ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (\() Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (kw) Tj (\)\)) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (_trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("calling ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ( with args ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (\() Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (kw) Tj (\)\)) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 306.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 282.0236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2225,21 +2329,21 @@ q
 n -6 -6 468.6898 36 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj (\() Tj (_trace) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj (\() Tj (_trace) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 286.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 262.0236 cm
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of usage:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of usage:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 228.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 204.8236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -2252,20 +2356,20 @@ q
 n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.44686 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you are using an old Python version \(Python 2.4\) the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module provides a poor man) Tj T* 0 Tw (replacement for ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (functools.partial) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 221.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@blocking) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("Please wait ...") Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (read_data) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (3) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# simulate a blocking resource) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("some data") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (read_data) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# data is not available yet) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (Please) Tj ( ) Tj (wait) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (read_data) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# data is not available yet) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (Please) Tj ( ) Tj (wait) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (read_data) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# data is not available yet) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (Please) Tj ( ) Tj (wait) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1.1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# after 3.1 seconds, data is available) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (read_data) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj  T* (some) Tj ( ) Tj (data) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (async) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.647485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (We have just seen an examples of a simple decorator factory, implemented as a function returning a) Tj T* 0 Tw .29784 Tw (decorator. For more complex situations, it is more convenient to implement decorator factories as classes) Tj T* 0 Tw .657674 Tw (returning callable objects that can be used as signature-preserving decorators. The suggested pattern to) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.109398 Tw (do that is to introduce a helper method ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (call\(self, func, *args, **kw\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and to call it in the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (__call__\(self, func\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (method.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .166654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As an example, here I show a decorator which is able to convert a blocking function into an asynchronous) Tj T* 0 Tw .437633 Tw (function. The function, when called, is executed in a separate thread. Moreover, it is possible to set three) Tj T* 0 Tw .074597 Tw (callbacks ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (on_success) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (on_failure ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (on_closing) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, to specify how to manage the function call. The) Tj T* 0 Tw (implementation is the following:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -2606,14 +2800,14 @@ q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (on_closing) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# default implementation) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("Called at the end, both in case of success and failure") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (on_success) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (result) Tj (\):) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# default implementation) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("Called on the result of the function") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (result) Tj T* ET
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@@ -2623,30 +2817,37 @@ q
 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
 .5 w
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 432 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 410 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (Async) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (""") Tj T* (    A decorator converting blocking functions into asynchronous) Tj T* (    functions, by using threads or processes. Examples:) Tj T*  T* (    async_with_threads =  Async\(threading.Thread\)) Tj T* (    async_with_processes =  Async\(multiprocessing.Process\)) Tj T* (    """) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__init__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (threadfactory) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threadfactory) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (threadfactory) Tj  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__call__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (func) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (on_success) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj (,) Tj  T* (                 ) Tj (on_failure) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (on_closing) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# every decorated function has its own independent thread counter) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (itertools) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (count) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* (        ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (on_success) Tj  T* (        ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (on_failure) Tj  T* (        ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (on_closing) Tj  T* (        ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (call) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (func) Tj (\)) Tj  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (call) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (func) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (        ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (func_wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj  T* (            ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (try) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj  T* (                ) Tj (result) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj  T* (            ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (except) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj  T* (                ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj (\() Tj (sys) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (exc_info) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj  T* (            ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj  T* (                ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj (\() Tj (result) Tj (\)) Tj  T* (            ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (finally) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj  T* (                ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj (\(\)) Tj  T* (        ) Tj (name) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (-) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (\() Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (next) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj (\)\)) Tj  T* (        ) Tj (thread) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threadfactory) Tj (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (func_wrapper) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (name) Tj (\)) Tj  T* (        ) Tj (thread) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (start) Tj (\(\)) Tj  T* (        ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (thread) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (on_failure) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (exc_info) Tj (\):) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# default implementation) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("Called if the function fails") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .865984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The decorated function returns the current execution thread, which can be stored and checked later, for) Tj T* 0 Tw (instance to verify that the thread ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.isAlive\(\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .691654 Tw (Here is an example of usage. Suppose one wants to write some data to an external resource which can) Tj T* 0 Tw .21683 Tw (be accessed by a single user at once \(for instance a printer\). Then the access to the writing function must) Tj T* 0 Tw (be locked. Here is a minimalistic example:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (on_closing) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# default implementation) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("Called at the end, both in case of success and failure") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj T* ET
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@@ -2659,7 +2860,7 @@ q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 86 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (async) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (Async) Tj (\() Tj (threading) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj (\)) Tj  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (datalist) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj ([]) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# for simplicity the written data are stored into a list.) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@async) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (write) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (data) Tj (\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# append data to the datalist by locking) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (with) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (threading) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Lock) Tj (\(\):) Tj  T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (Async) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (""") Tj T* (    A decorator converting blocking functions into asynchronous) Tj T* (    functions, by using threads or processes. Examples:) Tj T*  T* (    async_with_threads =  Async\(threading.Thread\)) Tj T* (    async_with_processes =  Async\(multiprocessing.Process\)) Tj T* (    """) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* ET
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@@ -2685,23 +2887,30 @@ q
 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
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 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 48 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (         ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# emulate some long running operation) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (         ) Tj (datalist) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (append) Tj (\() Tj (data) Tj (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# other operations not requiring a lock here) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 317.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__init__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (threadfactory) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (        ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threadfactory) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (threadfactory) Tj  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__call__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (func) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (on_success) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj (,) Tj  T* (                 ) Tj (on_failure) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (on_closing) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (        ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# every decorated function has its own independent thread counter) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (itertools) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (count) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* (        ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (on_success) Tj  T* (        ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (on_failure) Tj  T* (        ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (on_closing) Tj  T* (        ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator) Tj (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (call) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (func) Tj (\)) Tj  T*  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (call) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (func) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (        ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (func_wrapper) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj  T* (            ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (try) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj  T* (                ) Tj (result) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj  T* (            ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (except) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj  T* (                ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_failure) Tj (\() Tj (sys) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (exc_info) Tj (\(\)\)) Tj  T* (            ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj  T* (                ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_success) Tj (\() Tj (result) Tj (\)) Tj  T* (            ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (finally) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj  T* (                ) Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (on_closing) Tj (\(\)) Tj  T* (        ) Tj (name) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (-) Tj /F3 10 Tf .733333 .4 .533333 rg (%s) Tj /F4 10 Tf .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (') Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (%) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (\() Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (__name__) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (next) Tj (\() Tj (func) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (counter) Tj (\)\)) Tj  T* (        ) Tj (thread) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (threadfactory) Tj (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (None) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (func_wrapper) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (name) Tj (\)) Tj  T* (        ) Tj (thread) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (start) Tj (\(\)) Tj  T* (        ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (thread) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 683.8236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .905868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Each call to ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (write ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will create a new writer thread, but there will be no synchronization problems since) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (write ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is locked.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .865984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The decorated function returns the current execution thread, which can be stored and checked later, for) Tj T* 0 Tw (instance to verify that the thread ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.isAlive\(\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 518.6236 cm
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .691654 Tw (Here is an example of usage. Suppose one wants to write some data to an external resource which can) Tj T* 0 Tw .21683 Tw (be accessed by a single user at once \(for instance a printer\). Then the access to the writing function must) Tj T* 0 Tw (be locked. Here is a minimalistic example:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -2711,35 +2920,53 @@ q
 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
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 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 156 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 144 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 134 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (write) Tj (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("data1") Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (<) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj (\() Tj (write) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (started) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# wait a bit, so we are sure data2 is written after data1) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (write) Tj (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("data2") Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (<) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj (\() Tj (write) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (started) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# wait for the writers to complete) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (datalist) Tj (\)) Tj  T* ([) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('data1') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('data2') Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 125.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (async) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (Async) Tj (\() Tj (threading) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj (\)) Tj  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (datalist) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj ([]) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# for simplicity the written data are stored into a list.) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@async) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (write) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (data) Tj (\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# append data to the datalist by locking) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (with) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (threading) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Lock) Tj (\(\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (         ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# emulate some long running operation) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (         ) Tj (datalist) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (append) Tj (\() Tj (data) Tj (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# other operations not requiring a lock here) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 485.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 168.6236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 17.5 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F2 17.5 Tf (class) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .905868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Each call to ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (write ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will create a new writer thread, but there will be no synchronization problems since) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (write ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is locked.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 419.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 87.42362 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 2.241412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You may wonder about how the functionality of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module is implemented. The basic) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.545868 Tw (building block is a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class which is able to generate on the fly functions with a given) Tj T* 0 Tw .047485 Tw (name and signature from a function template passed as a string. Generally speaking, you should not need) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.164983 Tw (to resort to ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (when writing ordinary decorators, but it is handy in some circumstances.) Tj T* 0 Tw (You will see an example shortly, in the implementation of a cool decorator utility \() Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator_apply) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .414597 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (provides a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (classmethod which takes as input the name, signature, and body) Tj T* 0 Tw .632927 Tw (of the function we want to generate as well as the execution environment were the function is generated) Tj T* 0 Tw (by ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
+.662745 .662745 .662745 RG
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (write) Tj (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("data1") Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (<) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj (\() Tj (write) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (started) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# wait a bit, so we are sure data2 is written after data1) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* ET
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@@ -2749,35 +2976,35 @@ q
 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
 .5 w
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 96 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\):) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# a function with a generic signature) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (kw) Tj (\)) Tj  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f1) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (FunctionMaker) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (create) Tj (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('f1\(a, b\)') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('f\(a, b\)') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (dict) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (f) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg (f) Tj (\)\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f1) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj ({}) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 77.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (write) Tj (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("data2") Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (<) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Thread) Tj (\() Tj (write) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (started) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# wait for the writers to complete) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T*  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (datalist) Tj (\)) Tj  T* ([) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('data1') Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('data2') Tj 0 0 0 rg (]) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 252.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .226654 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is important to notice that the function body is interpolated before being executed, so be careful with the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (% ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (sign!) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The ) Tj /F3 17.5 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F2 17.5 Tf (class) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 210.4236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.995433 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (also accepts keyword arguments and such arguments are attached to the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.64686 Tw (resulting function. This is useful if you want to set some function attributes, for instance the docstring) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (__doc__) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 2.241412 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You may wonder about how the functionality of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module is implemented. The basic) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.545868 Tw (building block is a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (class which is able to generate on the fly functions with a given) Tj T* 0 Tw .047485 Tw (name and signature from a function template passed as a string. Generally speaking, you should not need) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.164983 Tw (to resort to ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (when writing ordinary decorators, but it is handy in some circumstances.) Tj T* 0 Tw (You will see an example shortly, in the implementation of a cool decorator utility \() Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator_apply) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\).) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 168.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 526.8236 cm
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .605318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For debugging/introspection purposes it may be useful to see the source code of the generated function;) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.246235 Tw (to do that, just pass the flag ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (addsource=True ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (__source__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute will be added to the) Tj T* 0 Tw (generated function:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .414597 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (provides a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (classmethod which takes as input the name, signature, and body) Tj T* 0 Tw .632927 Tw (of the function we want to generate as well as the execution environment were the function is generated) Tj T* 0 Tw (by ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 87.22362 cm
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@@ -2787,26 +3014,35 @@ q
 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
 .5 w
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 72 re B*
+n -6 -6 468.6898 84 re B*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.471235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(see bug report ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (1764286 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for an explanation of what is happening\). Unfortunately the bug is still there,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.541235 Tw (even in Python 2.7 and 3.1. There is however a workaround. The decorator module adds an attribute) Tj T* 0 Tw .103984 Tw /F4 10 Tf (.undecorated ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to the decorated function, containing a reference to the original function. The easy way to) Tj T* 0 Tw (get the source code is to call ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (on the undecorated function:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm 1.471235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(see bug report ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (1764286 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for an explanation of what is happening\). Unfortunately the bug is still there,) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.541235 Tw (even in Python 2.7 and 3.1. There is however a workaround. The decorator module adds an attribute) Tj T* 0 Tw .103984 Tw /F4 10 Tf (.undecorated ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to the decorated function, containing a reference to the original function. The easy way to) Tj T* 0 Tw (get the source code is to call ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (on the undecorated function:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (                ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (firstcall) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (True) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (        ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (else) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# return the arguments of the tail call) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (            ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (argskwd) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (kwd) Tj  T* (            ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (CONTINUE) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (tail_recursive) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (func) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (decorator_apply) Tj (\() Tj (TailRecursive) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (func) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here the decorator is implemented as a class returning callable objects.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is how you apply the upgraded decorator to the good old factorial:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@tail_recursive) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (factorial) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (n) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj (acc) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj  T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (    ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("The good old factorial") Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (n) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (acc) Tj  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (factorial) Tj (\() Tj (n) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (n) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (acc) Tj (\)) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (print) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (factorial) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (4) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)\)) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (24) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .188935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This decorator is pretty impressive, and should give you some food for your mind ;\) Notice that there is no) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.339983 Tw (recursion limit now, and you can easily compute ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (factorial\(1001\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (or larger without filling the stack) Tj T* 0 Tw .909431 Tw (frame. Notice also that the decorator will not work on functions which are not tail recursive, such as the) Tj T* 0 Tw (following) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .188935 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This decorator is pretty impressive, and should give you some food for your mind ;\) Notice that there is no) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.339983 Tw (recursion limit now, and you can easily compute ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (factorial\(1001\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (or larger without filling the stack) Tj T* 0 Tw .909431 Tw (frame. Notice also that the decorator will not work on functions which are not tail recursive, such as the) Tj T* 0 Tw (following) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (fact) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj (n) Tj (\):) Tj ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# this is not tail-recursive) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (if) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (n) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (    ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (n) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (fact) Tj (\() Tj (n) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (-) Tj (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .541098 Tw (\(reminder: a function is tail recursive if it either returns a value without making a recursive call, or returns) Tj T* 0 Tw (directly the result of a recursive call\).) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Caveats and limitations) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Caveats and limitations) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .474987 Tw (The first thing you should be aware of, it the fact that decorators have a performance penalty. The worse) Tj T* 0 Tw (case is shown by the following example:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .474987 Tw (The first thing you should be aware of, it the fact that decorators have a performance penalty. The worse) Tj T* 0 Tw (case is shown by the following example:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 197.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ cat performance.sh) Tj T* (python3 -m timeit -s ") Tj T* (from decorator import decorator) Tj T*  T* (@decorator) Tj T* (def do_nothing\(func, *args, **kw\):) Tj T* (    return func\(*args, **kw\)) Tj T*  T* (@do_nothing) Tj T* (def f\(\):) Tj T* (    pass) Tj T* (" "f\(\)") Tj T*  T* (python3 -m timeit -s ") Tj T* (def f\(\):) Tj T* (    pass) Tj T* (" "f\(\)") Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ bash performance.sh) Tj T* (1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.669 usec per loop) Tj T* (1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.181 usec per loop) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL ($ bash performance.sh) Tj T* (1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.669 usec per loop) Tj T* (1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.181 usec per loop) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 1.25832 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It should be noted that a real life function would probably do something more useful than ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (here, and) Tj T* 0 Tw .91811 Tw (therefore in real life the performance penalty could be completely negligible. As always, the only way to) Tj T* 0 Tw (know if there is a penalty in your specific use case is to measure it.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.25832 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It should be noted that a real life function would probably do something more useful than ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (here, and) Tj T* 0 Tw .91811 Tw (therefore in real life the performance penalty could be completely negligible. As always, the only way to) Tj T* 0 Tw (know if there is a penalty in your specific use case is to measure it.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .867984 Tw (You should be aware that decorators will make your tracebacks longer and more difficult to understand.) Tj T* 0 Tw (Consider this example:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 29.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@trace) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj  T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg (     ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj (/) Tj (0) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .583318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Calling ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f\(\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will give you a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (ZeroDivisionError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but since the function is decorated the traceback will) Tj T* 0 Tw (be longer:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .583318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Calling ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f\(\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will give you a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (ZeroDivisionError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, but since the function is decorated the traceback will) Tj T* 0 Tw (be longer:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm 12 TL /F4 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\(\)) Tj  T* (Traceback) Tj ( ) Tj (\() Tj (most) Tj ( ) Tj (recent) Tj ( ) Tj (call) Tj ( ) Tj (last) Tj (\):) Tj  T* (  ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* (     ) Tj (File) Tj ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj (<) Tj (string) Tj (>) Tj (") Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (line) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj  T* (     ) Tj (File) Tj ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj (<) Tj (doctest __main__[22]) Tj (>) Tj (") Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (line) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (4) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (trace) Tj  T* (       ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (*) Tj 0 0 0 rg (args) Tj (,) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (**) Tj 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj (\)) Tj  T* (     ) Tj (File) Tj ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg (") Tj (<) Tj (doctest __main__[51]) Tj (>) Tj (") Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj (line) Tj ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (3) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (in) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (f) Tj  T* (       ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj (/) Tj (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg  T* /F3 10 Tf .823529 .254902 .227451 rg (ZeroDivisionError) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj ( ) Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (int) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (division) Tj ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (or) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj (modulo) Tj ( ) Tj (by) Tj ( ) Tj (zero) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.05528 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You see here the inner call to the decorator ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (trace) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which calls ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (f\(*args, **kw\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, and a reference to) Tj T* 0 Tw .265868 Tw /F4 10 Tf (File ") Tj (<) Tj (string) Tj (>) Tj (", line 2, in f) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This latter reference is due to the fact that internally the decorator) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.053318 Tw (module uses ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to generate the decorated function. Notice that ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (not ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (responsibile for the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.507485 Tw (performance penalty, since is the called ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (only once ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (at function decoration time, and not every time the) Tj T* 0 Tw (decorated function is called.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm .932209 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (At present, there is no clean way to avoid ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (exec) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. A clean solution would require to change the CPython) Tj T* 0 Tw .777485 Tw (implementation of functions and add an hook to make it possible to change their signature directly. That) Tj T* 0 Tw .74186 Tw (could happen in future versions of Python \(see PEP ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (362) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\) and then the decorator module would become) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.385318 Tw (obsolete. However, at present, even in Python 3.1 it is impossible to change the function signature) Tj T* 0 Tw .931751 Tw (directly, therefore the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (module is still useful. Actually, this is one of the main reasons why I) Tj T* 0 Tw (keep maintaining the module and releasing new versions.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .785777 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (There is a restriction on the names of the arguments: for instance, if try to call an argument ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (_call_ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (or) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (_func_ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (you will get a ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (NameError) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* ET
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diff --git a/decorator/documentation3.py b/decorator/documentation3.py
index 8e3c95d..c34842e 100644
--- a/decorator/documentation3.py
+++ b/decorator/documentation3.py
@@ -235,6 +235,53 @@ The same decorator works with functions of any signature:
  >>> print(getargspec(f)) 
  ArgSpec(args=['x', 'y', 'z'], varargs='args', keywords='kw', defaults=(1, 2))
 
+Function annotations
+---------------------------------------------
+
+Python 3 introduced the concept of `function annotations`_,i.e. the ability
+to annotate the signature of a function with additional information,
+stored in a dictionary named ``__annotations__``. The decorator module,
+starting from release 3.3, is able to understand and to preserve the 
+annotations. Here is an example:
+
+ >>> @trace
+ ... def f(x: 'the first argument', y: 'default argument'=1, z=2,
+ ...       *args: 'varargs', **kw: 'kwargs'):
+ ...     pass
+ 
+In order to introspect functions with annotations, one needs the
+utility ``inspect.getfullargspec``, new in Python 3:
+
+ >>> from inspect import getfullargspec 
+ >>> argspec = getfullargspec(f)
+ >>> argspec.args
+ ['x', 'y', 'z']
+ >>> argspec.varargs
+ 'args'
+ >>> argspec.varkw
+ 'kw'
+ >>> argspec.defaults
+ (1, 2)
+ >>> argspec.kwonlyargs
+ []
+ >>> argspec.kwonlydefaults
+ >>> sorted(argspec.annotations.items())
+ [('args', 'varargs'), ('kw', 'kwargs'), ('x', 'the first argument'), ('y', 'default argument')]
+
+You can also check that the ``__annotations__`` dictionary is preserved:
+
+  >>> f.__annotations__ == f.undecorated.__annotations__
+  True
+
+The two dictionaries are different objects, though
+
+  >>> id(f.__annotations__) != id(f.undecorated.__annotations__)
+  True
+
+since internally the decorator module creates an entirely new dictionary
+(it is not simply attaching the ``__annotations__`` attribute to the new
+function).
+
 ``decorator`` is a decorator
 ---------------------------------------------
 
@@ -684,32 +731,29 @@ a *copy* of the original function dictionary
 Compatibility notes
 ---------------------------------------------------------------
 
-Version 3.2 is the first version of the ``decorator`` module to officially
-support Python 3. Actually, the module has supported Python 3 from
-the beginning, via the ``2to3`` conversion tool, but this step has
-been now integrated in the build process, thanks to the distribute_
-project, the Python 3-compatible replacement of easy_install. 
-The hard work (for me) has been converting the documentation and the
-doctests.  This has been possible only now that docutils_ and pygments_
-have been ported to Python 3. 
-
-The ``decorator`` module *per se* does not contain any change, apart
-from the removal of the functions ``get_info`` and ``new_wrapper``,
-which have been deprecated for years. ``get_info`` has been removed
-since it was little used and since it had to be changed anyway to work
-with Python 3.0; ``new_wrapper`` has been removed since it was
-useless: its major use case (converting signature changing decorators
-to signature preserving decorators) has been subsumed by
-``decorator_apply`` and the other use case can be managed with the
-``FunctionMaker``.
+Version 3.3 is the first version of the ``decorator`` module to fully
+support Python 3, including `function annotations`_. Version 3.2 was the
+first version to support Python 3 via the ``2to3`` conversion tool
+invoked in the build process by the distribute_ project, the Python
+3-compatible replacement of easy_install.  The hard work (for me) has
+been converting the documentation and the doctests.  This has been
+possible only after that docutils_ and pygments_ have been ported to
+Python 3.
+
+Version 3 of the ``decorator`` module do not contain any backward
+incompatible change, apart from the removal of the functions
+``get_info`` and ``new_wrapper``, which have been deprecated for
+years. ``get_info`` has been removed since it was little used and
+since it had to be changed anyway to work with Python 3.0;
+``new_wrapper`` has been removed since it was useless: its major use
+case (converting signature changing decorators to signature preserving
+decorators) has been subsumed by ``decorator_apply``, whereas the other use
+case can be managed with the ``FunctionMaker``.
 
 There are a few changes in the documentation: I removed the 
 ``decorator_factory`` example, which was confusing some of my users,
 and I removed the part about exotic signatures in the Python 3
 documentation, since Python 3 does not support them.
-Notice that there is no support for Python 3 `function annotations`_ 
-since it seems premature at the moment, when most people are
-still using Python 2.X.
 
 Finally ``decorator`` cannot be used as a class decorator and the
 `functionality introduced in version 2.3`_ has been removed. That
diff --git a/decorator/index.html b/decorator/index.html
index 2c3a022..ce64dfe 100644
--- a/decorator/index.html
+++ b/decorator/index.html
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
-<meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.6: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" />
+<meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.5: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" />
 <title>Decorator module</title>
 <meta name="author" content="Michele Simionato" />
 <style type="text/css">
 
 /*
 :Author: David Goodger (goodger@python.org)
-:Id: $Id: html4css1.css 5951 2009-05-18 18:03:10Z milde $
+:Id: $Id: html4css1.css 5196 2007-06-03 20:25:28Z wiemann $
 :Copyright: This stylesheet has been placed in the public domain.
 
 Default cascading style sheet for the HTML output of Docutils.
@@ -158,32 +158,11 @@ h2.subtitle {
 hr.docutils {
   width: 75% }
 
-img.align-left, .figure.align-left{
-  clear: left ;
-  float: left ;
-  margin-right: 1em }
+img.align-left {
+  clear: left }
 
-img.align-right, .figure.align-right {
-  clear: right ;
-  float: right ;
-  margin-left: 1em }
-
-.align-left {
-  text-align: left }
-
-.align-center {
-  clear: both ;
-  text-align: center }
-
-.align-right {
-  text-align: right }
-
-/* reset inner alignment in figures */
-div.align-right {
-  text-align: left }
-
-/* div.align-center * { */
-/*   text-align: left } */
+img.align-right {
+  clear: right }
 
 ol.simple, ul.simple {
   margin-bottom: 1em }
@@ -238,7 +217,8 @@ p.topic-title {
 pre.address {
   margin-bottom: 0 ;
   margin-top: 0 ;
-  font: inherit }
+  font-family: serif ;
+  font-size: 100% }
 
 pre.literal-block, pre.doctest-block {
   margin-left: 2em ;
@@ -319,7 +299,7 @@ ul.auto-toc {
 </tr>
 <tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Download page:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/decorator">http://pypi.python.org/pypi/decorator</a></td>
 </tr>
-<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Installation:</th><td class="field-body"><tt class="docutils literal">easy_install decorator</tt></td>
+<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Installation:</th><td class="field-body"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">easy_install</span> <span class="pre">decorator</span></tt></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">License:</th><td class="field-body">BSD license</td>
 </tr>
diff --git a/decorator/src/decorator.py b/decorator/src/decorator.py
index 5077833..a7815ab 100644
--- a/decorator/src/decorator.py
+++ b/decorator/src/decorator.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ##########################     LICENCE     ###############################
 ##
-##   Copyright (c) 2005-2010, Michele Simionato
+##   Copyright (c) 2005-2011, Michele Simionato
 ##   All rights reserved.
 ##
 ##   Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Decorator module, see http://pypi.python.org/pypi/decorator
 for the documentation.
 """
 
-__version__ = '3.2.1'
+__version__ = '3.3.0'
 
 __all__ = ["decorator", "FunctionMaker", "partial"]
 
@@ -48,6 +48,23 @@ except ImportError: # for Python version < 2.5
             kw.update(otherkw)
             return self.func(*(self.args + otherargs), **kw)
 
+if sys.version >= '3':
+    from inspect import getfullargspec
+else:
+    class getfullargspec(object):
+        "A quick and dirty replacement for getfullargspec for Python 2.X"
+        def __init__(self, f):
+            self.args, self.varargs, self.varkw, self.defaults = \
+                inspect.getargspec(f)
+            self.kwonlyargs = []
+            self.kwonlydefaults = None
+            self.annotations = getattr(f, '__annotations__', {})
+        def __iter__(self):
+            yield self.args
+            yield self.varargs
+            yield self.varkw
+            yield self.defaults
+
 DEF = re.compile('\s*def\s*([_\w][_\w\d]*)\s*\(')
 
 # basic functionality
@@ -59,6 +76,7 @@ class FunctionMaker(object):
     """
     def __init__(self, func=None, name=None, signature=None,
                  defaults=None, doc=None, module=None, funcdict=None):
+        self.shortsignature = signature
         if func:
             # func can be a class or a callable, but not an instance method
             self.name = func.__name__
@@ -67,13 +85,25 @@ class FunctionMaker(object):
             self.doc = func.__doc__
             self.module = func.__module__
             if inspect.isfunction(func):
-                argspec = inspect.getargspec(func)
-                self.args, self.varargs, self.keywords, self.defaults = argspec
+                argspec = getfullargspec(func)
+                for a in ('args', 'varargs', 'varkw', 'defaults', 'kwonlyargs',
+                          'kwonlydefaults', 'annotations'):
+                    setattr(self, a, getattr(argspec, a))
                 for i, arg in enumerate(self.args):
                     setattr(self, 'arg%d' % i, arg)
                 self.signature = inspect.formatargspec(
                     formatvalue=lambda val: "", *argspec)[1:-1]
+                allargs = list(self.args)
+                if self.varargs:
+                    allargs.append('*' + self.varargs)
+                if self.varkw:
+                    allargs.append('**' + self.varkw)
+                try:
+                    self.shortsignature = ', '.join(allargs)
+                except TypeError: # exotic signature, valid only in Python 2.X
+                    self.shortsignature = self.signature
                 self.dict = func.__dict__.copy()
+        # func=None happens when decorating a caller
         if name:
             self.name = name
         if signature is not None:
@@ -110,7 +140,7 @@ class FunctionMaker(object):
             raise SyntaxError('not a valid function template\n%s' % src)
         name = mo.group(1) # extract the function name
         names = set([name] + [arg.strip(' *') for arg in 
-                             self.signature.split(',')])
+                             self.shortsignature.split(',')])
         for n in names:
             if n in ('_func_', '_call_'):
                 raise NameError('%s is overridden in\n%s' % (n, src))
@@ -118,6 +148,7 @@ class FunctionMaker(object):
             src += '\n' # this is needed in old versions of Python
         try:
             code = compile(src, '<string>', 'single')
+            # print >> sys.stderr, 'Compiling %s' % src
             exec code in evaldict
         except:
             print >> sys.stderr, 'Error in generated code:'
@@ -161,7 +192,7 @@ def decorator(caller, func=None):
         evaldict['_call_'] = caller
         evaldict['_func_'] = func
         return FunctionMaker.create(
-            func, "return _call_(_func_, %(signature)s)",
+            func, "return _call_(_func_, %(shortsignature)s)",
             evaldict, undecorated=func)
     else: # returns a decorator
         if isinstance(caller, partial):
diff --git a/decorator/test.py b/decorator/test.py
index b21fe4d..6c24b15 100644
--- a/decorator/test.py
+++ b/decorator/test.py
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ def f1():
 
 def test0():
     assert os.path.basename(identity.func_globals['__file__']) == 'test.py'
-    print identity.__doc__
+    print(identity.__doc__)
 
 def test1():
     assert os.path.basename(f1.func_globals['__file__']) == 'test.py'
-    print f1.__doc__
+    print(f1.__doc__)
author	Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com>	2011-01-01 09:16:53 +0100
committer	Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com>	2011-01-01 09:16:53 +0100
commit	fb07454d4c8ed12ea150ed3f836a0f433106cd60 (patch)
tree	b845895f4ec6af6090d48d46a0c429ba18083612
parent	6a0b8ae432cde46a621aa4b363ab76835d376add (diff)
download	micheles-fb07454d4c8ed12ea150ed3f836a0f433106cd60.tar.gz